The Dada school developed during the last years of World War I. Duchamp acted as a major contributor to the Dada school, and his work Fountain was one of the movement's best-known and most controversial works of art. 

Winslow Homer, J.M.W. Turner, and Eugène Delacroix are known as impressionist painters. Frank Weston Benson is known for realistic paintings, American impressionism, watercolors and etchings. Someone familiar with the works of Pablo Picasso and the specific style that Cubism entails should be able to deduce that Pablo Picasso, of the choices given, is known as the father of Cubism.

Dali is the only Spanish Surrealist artist in this list. Though Goya created many dream-like paintings in his Black Period, it does not fit the century specified, and Giorgio de Chirico is of Italian decent.

This work, Self-Portrait as a Soldier, features vivid colors, slightly abstract forms, and a generally dark tone, all hallmarks of the German Expressionism that flourished in 1920s Weimar Germany. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, the painter of this work, was one of the leading figures of the movement, helping shape the group known as "Die Brücke," or The Bridge, which was a significant part of Expressionism.

Image is in the public domain, accessed through Wikipedia Media Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kirchner_-_Selbstbildnis_als_Soldat.jpg

Henri Matisse was one of the revolutionary artists of the early twentieth century, reshaping and influencing the course of painting. Matisse was heavily influenced by Impressionism and early Abstract art, but often used abstract shapes and forms to enhance somewhat realistic depictions. In Goldfish, Matisse quite clearly presents fish in a bowl, but uses abstract shapes around it to create an unnatural and alluring perspective.

Henri Matisse was one of the leaders of Fauvism, an abstract art movement that had its fullest flowering in the first decade of the twentieth century. As compared to other abstract movements, Fauvism utilized largely representational forms, but exaggerated and heightened use of color brought more abstraction to their works. The Goldfish, shown here, shows many of the signature elements of Fauvism.

Both Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso were heavily influenced by Post-Impressionists such as Paul Cezanne and Paul Gauguin, pushing art more towards true abstraction in the early twentieth century. Although they had distinct styles, both artists used non-representational forms, vivid colors, and inspiration from non-European art. Matisse and Picasso greatly revolutionized the very form and trajectory of painting in the twentieth century.

Pop Art emerged in the 1950s from schools of fine art and graphic design schools, when trained artists turned their interest to working with images from popular culture. Celebrities, comic books, consumer items, film stills, and patriotic images were all copied, adapted, and repurposed as high art, which also challenged the very notion of high and low art. Andy Warhol's Marilyn Diptych is representative as it takes one image of the actress Marilyn Monroe and copies it multiple times in bright colors.

Joseph Lawrence's The Migration of the Negro is a sixty panel work, with each panel captioned, telling the story of the mass migration of African-Americans from the rural south to northern urban centers in the first part of the twentieth century. Lawrence stood apart for the way his work adapted more from cubism than expressionism or surrealism. Lawrence often commented that he was more influenced by his surroundings in Harlem, but that everywhere he looked in his community he saw elements of cubism.

"Fauvism" is so named because the term "fauve," or "wild beast," was attributed to certain artists exhibiting at the 1905 Salon d'Automne. Their lack of realism, especially in the use of nonrepresentational colors, led to severe criticism of their work. Their movement was named after this insulting nickname.