In the Homeric Epics, Zeus is shown to be highly concerned with the fate of his favorite warriors and seems to be openly rooting for certain humans to succeed. In the works of Hesiod, conversely, Zeus is presented as a far more circumspect and objective figure. The Zeus of Hesiod is primarily concerned with justice and with his duties as leader of the Gods.

Theognis of Megara is a famous ancient Greek poet who, most likely, lived in the sixth century BCE. His poetry takes for its general theme the topic of class anxiety. Theognis writes from the perspective of an aristocrat who fears the consequences of social mobility. Specifically, Theognis decries those “new-money” types who are marrying into the social elite.

Religious ceremonies in Archaic Era Greece were extremely communal events. The community would gather in a public place and an animal (or many animals) would be sacrificed. This was meant to demonstrate the community’s commitment to the Gods. The people would then sit together and share the sacrificed meat in a great feast. This was meant to demonstrate the community’s commitment to one another.

Theognis of Megara is a well-known Greek poet from the Archaic Era. It is not known exactly when he lived, but general historical consensus seems to fall around the sixth century BCE. Theognis wrote extensively (and poetically) on the nature of class struggles and the formation of city-states during his time period.

The Battle of Marathon caused the First Persian Invasion to come to a close, so that would be the best choice. The Battle of Thermopylae was a last stand from the Second Persian Invasion and had no ties to the First Invasion, so it would not be a good answer. The Punic Wars were a series of wars fought between Rome and Carthage and they did not involve the Greeks or the Persians, so it would not be a good answer. The Battle of the Bulge was a famous battle from World War I, so that would not be a good answer here. Lastly the Battle of Waterloo was one of Napoleon's most famous defeats, so it would not be a good choice here either. 

The First Messenian War was fought between Messenia and Sparta in eighth century BCE. It ended in victory for the growing Spartan state and the subjugation of the Messenian people as slaves in Spartan society.

Athens was ruled by a series of tyrants for much of the sixth century. Beginning with the rule of Pisistratus and continuing with his son Hippias and his brother Hipparchus. Hippias became paranoid and oppressive as a result and lost the support of the Athenian people. In 508 BCE the Athenian nobility encouraged the Spartans to invade and overthrow Hippias. The Spartans, following the direction of the Oracle at Delphi, duly obliged.  

Hoplites were infantrymen in Archaic and Classical Era Greek armies. They fought in tight-knit formations, called phalanxes. They were armed with full metal body armor, a helmet, a long bronze or iron spear, and a sword.

Leonidas is perhaps the most famous of Sparta’s many kings and military leaders. Leonidas led the famous Spartan stand at Thermopylae - where three hundred Spartans faced off against a Persian army numbering in the tens of (possibly hundreds of) thousands.

Darius landed an invasion force on mainland Attica (near the village of Marathon) during the first assault of the Persian Wars. The Athenians, with their allies the Plataeans, made a heroic stand against a much larger force and forced the Persians to withdraw. This was a source of great pride for the Athenians who never let the Spartans forget that they had been absent.