Magnets and electric charges show certain similarities. For example, both magnets and electric charges can exert a force on their surroundings. This force, when produced by a magnet, is called a magnetic field. When it is produced by an electric charge, the force is called an electric field. It has been observed that the strength of both magnetic fields and electric fields is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between a magnet or an electric charge and the objects that they affect.

Below, three scientists debate the relationship between electricity and magnetism.

Scientist 1:

Electricity and magnetism are two different phenomena. Materials such as iron, cobalt, and nickel contain magnetic domains: tiny regions of magnetism, each with two poles. Normally, the domains have a random orientation and are not aligned, so the magnetism of some domains cancels out that of other domains; however, in magnets, domains line up in the same direction, creating the two poles of the magnet and causing magnetic behavior.

In contrast, electricity is a moving electric charge which is caused by the flow of electrons through a material. Electrons flow through a material from a region of higher potential (more negative charge) to a region of lower potential (more positive charge). We can measure this flow of electrons as current, which refers to the amount of charge transferred over a period of time.

Scientist 2:

Electricity and magnetism are similar phenomena; however, one cannot be reduced to the other. Electricity involves two types of charges: positive and negative charge. Though electricity can occur in a moving form (in the form of current, or an electric charge moving through a wire), it can also occur in a static form. Static electricity involves no moving charge. Instead, objects can have a net excess of positive charge or a net excess of negative charge—because of having lost or gained electrons, respectively. When two static positive electric charges or two static negative electric charges are brought close together, they repel each other. However, when a positive and a negative static charge are brought together, they attract each other.

Similarly, all magnets have two poles. Magnetic poles that are alike repel each other, while dissimilar magnetic poles attract each other. Magnets and static electric charges are alike in that they both show attraction and repulsion in similar circumstances. However, while isolated static electric charges occur in nature, there are no single, isolated magnetic poles. All magnets have two poles, which cannot be dissociated from each other.

Scientist 3:

Electricity and magnetism are two aspects of the same phenomenon. A moving flow of electrons creates a magnetic field around it. Thus, wherever an electric current exists, a magnetic field will also exist. The magnetic field created by an electric current is perpendicular to the electric current's direction of flow.

Additionally, a magnetic field can induce an electric current. This can happen when a wire is moved across a magnetic field, or when a magnetic field is moved near a conductive wire. Because magnetic fields can produce electric fields and electric fields can produce magnetic fields, we can understand electricity and magnetism as parts of one phenomenon: electromagnetism.

Electric current is measured in amperes (A). According to Scientist 1 and the information in the passage, in which of the following situations would one measure the greatest amplitude for an electric field?

Magnets and electric charges show certain similarities. For example, both magnets and electric charges can exert a force on their surroundings. This force, when produced by a magnet, is called a magnetic field. When it is produced by an electric charge, the force is called an electric field. It has been observed that the strength of both magnetic fields and electric fields is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between a magnet or an electric charge and the objects that they affect.

Below, three scientists debate the relationship between electricity and magnetism.

Scientist 1:

Electricity and magnetism are two different phenomena. Materials such as iron, cobalt, and nickel contain magnetic domains: tiny regions of magnetism, each with two poles. Normally, the domains have a random orientation and are not aligned, so the magnetism of some domains cancels out that of other domains; however, in magnets, domains line up in the same direction, creating the two poles of the magnet and causing magnetic behavior.

In contrast, electricity is a moving electric charge which is caused by the flow of electrons through a material. Electrons flow through a material from a region of higher potential (more negative charge) to a region of lower potential (more positive charge). We can measure this flow of electrons as current, which refers to the amount of charge transferred over a period of time.

Scientist 2:

Electricity and magnetism are similar phenomena; however, one cannot be reduced to the other. Electricity involves two types of charges: positive and negative charge. Though electricity can occur in a moving form (in the form of current, or an electric charge moving through a wire), it can also occur in a static form. Static electricity involves no moving charge. Instead, objects can have a net excess of positive charge or a net excess of negative charge—because of having lost or gained electrons, respectively. When two static positive electric charges or two static negative electric charges are brought close together, they repel each other. However, when a positive and a negative static charge are brought together, they attract each other.

Similarly, all magnets have two poles. Magnetic poles that are alike repel each other, while dissimilar magnetic poles attract each other. Magnets and static electric charges are alike in that they both show attraction and repulsion in similar circumstances. However, while isolated static electric charges occur in nature, there are no single, isolated magnetic poles. All magnets have two poles, which cannot be dissociated from each other.

Scientist 3:

Electricity and magnetism are two aspects of the same phenomenon. A moving flow of electrons creates a magnetic field around it. Thus, wherever an electric current exists, a magnetic field will also exist. The magnetic field created by an electric current is perpendicular to the electric current's direction of flow.

Additionally, a magnetic field can induce an electric current. This can happen when a wire is moved across a magnetic field, or when a magnetic field is moved near a conductive wire. Because magnetic fields can produce electric fields and electric fields can produce magnetic fields, we can understand electricity and magnetism as parts of one phenomenon: electromagnetism.

Which of the following questions is not answered in Scientist 3's explanation, but is answered by Scientist 2?

Magnets and electric charges show certain similarities. For example, both magnets and electric charges can exert a force on their surroundings. This force, when produced by a magnet, is called a magnetic field. When it is produced by an electric charge, the force is called an electric field. It has been observed that the strength of both magnetic fields and electric fields is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between a magnet or an electric charge and the objects that they affect.

Below, three scientists debate the relationship between electricity and magnetism.

Scientist 1:

Electricity and magnetism are two different phenomena. Materials such as iron, cobalt, and nickel contain magnetic domains: tiny regions of magnetism, each with two poles. Normally, the domains have a random orientation and are not aligned, so the magnetism of some domains cancels out that of other domains; however, in magnets, domains line up in the same direction, creating the two poles of the magnet and causing magnetic behavior.

In contrast, electricity is a moving electric charge which is caused by the flow of electrons through a material. Electrons flow through a material from a region of higher potential (more negative charge) to a region of lower potential (more positive charge). We can measure this flow of electrons as current, which refers to the amount of charge transferred over a period of time.

Scientist 2:

Electricity and magnetism are similar phenomena; however, one cannot be reduced to the other. Electricity involves two types of charges: positive and negative charge. Though electricity can occur in a moving form (in the form of current, or an electric charge moving through a wire), it can also occur in a static form. Static electricity involves no moving charge. Instead, objects can have a net excess of positive charge or a net excess of negative charge—because of having lost or gained electrons, respectively. When two static positive electric charges or two static negative electric charges are brought close together, they repel each other. However, when a positive and a negative static charge are brought together, they attract each other.

Similarly, all magnets have two poles. Magnetic poles that are alike repel each other, while dissimilar magnetic poles attract each other. Magnets and static electric charges are alike in that they both show attraction and repulsion in similar circumstances. However, while isolated static electric charges occur in nature, there are no single, isolated magnetic poles. All magnets have two poles, which cannot be dissociated from each other.

Scientist 3:

Electricity and magnetism are two aspects of the same phenomenon. A moving flow of electrons creates a magnetic field around it. Thus, wherever an electric current exists, a magnetic field will also exist. The magnetic field created by an electric current is perpendicular to the electric current's direction of flow.

Additionally, a magnetic field can induce an electric current. This can happen when a wire is moved across a magnetic field, or when a magnetic field is moved near a conductive wire. Because magnetic fields can produce electric fields and electric fields can produce magnetic fields, we can understand electricity and magnetism as parts of one phenomenon: electromagnetism.

Given that all of the following are true, which of the following, if found, provides the strongest evidence against Scientist 3's hypothesis?

A physicist wishes to study the trajectory of a ball launched horizontally. She varies parameters such as the launching velocity, starting height, and mass of the ball. For each trajectory, she records the time of flight (in seconds) and horizontal displacement (in meters). She assumes air resistance is negligible.

Figure 1

Using all of the data she collects, she constructs the following table:

Table 1

A physics student conducted a similar experiment and concluded that the time of flight for a horizontally launched ball was inversely related to the starting height. Is his conclusion consistent with the results of Trial 2?

In a physics class, students conducted a series of experiments by placing different objects into a beaker of water. They conducted twenty trials for each object. For each trial, they recorded whether or not the object floated.

First, they placed a steel paper clip into the water. They observed that the paper clip usually sank; however, they also saw that occasionally, the paper clip stayed afloat if it was placed very gently on top of the water. Next, they repeated the the same procedure using a cork, a toy boat made of aluminum, and a glass marble. They observed that both the cork and the toy boat always stayed afloat in the water, but that the glass marble always sank.

Below, three students give their explanations for these observations.

Student 1:

Objects float when they are less dense than the liquid in which they are immersed. For example, when immiscible liquids of varying densities are mixed together in a container, the most dense liquid will sink to the bottom of the container, while the least dense liquid will rise to the top. This same principle applies to solid objects. Because the cork and the aluminum toy boat always float, cork and the aluminum of the boat must be less dense than water. Because the glass marble always sinks, the glass of the marble must be more dense than water.

Objects that are more dense than water can also float due to surface tension. Surface tension occurs because molecules of a liquid are more attracted to each other more than they are to other objects. Molecules on the surface of water are attracted to the molecules around them and below them. This attraction causes a liquid's surface to behave if it were covered by a thin film, which resists penetration by other objects. Therefore, small objects such as paper clips can sometimes float on water when the upward force of water's surface tension exceeds the force of gravity pulling such objects down. Because the paper clips often sink and only float sometimes, we can conclude that they are indeed more dense than water, and that their floating is due to surface tension.

Student 2:

Objects float in two different cases: when they are buoyed by a liquid's surface tension or when their average density is less than that of the liquid in which they are immersed. The average density of cork is less than that of water. This is why the cork floats. In contrast, the density of glass is more than that of water. This is why the glass marble sinks.

However, the densities of aluminum and of steel are greater than that of water. Thus, density cannot be used to explain why the aluminum toy boat and the paper clip float. Both of these objects float because of surface tension. Because the paper clip does not have much mass, the normal upward force created by water's surface tension can be enough to allow it to float. Other objects with greater mass, like the toy boat, employ a particular shape to magnify the force of surface tension. The curved shape of the boat's bottom both stabilizes the boat and increases the amount of the boat's surface area that touches the water, maximizing the force due to surface tension that the boat receives.

Student 3:

In this experiment, the paper clip floats because of surface tension; however, the cork, toy boat, and marble float or sink because of their relationship to a buoyant force. All objects immersed in a liquid experience a buoyant force, which pushes them upward. The strength of this force is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced, or pushed aside, by an object. Every object also experiences a downward force due to gravity, which is measured as the object's weight, and which is directly proportional to the object's mass. When the buoyant force acting on an object is greater than the downward force due to gravity, the object floats. However, when the buoyant force is less than the force due to gravity, the object sinks. Both the cork and the aluminum toy boat are able to displace enough water to create a buoyant force that exceeds the force due to gravity, so they float. However, the glass marble does not displace enough water to create a sufficient buoyant force, so it sinks.

The density of fresh, newly cut wood is less than water, and fresh wood always floats; however, over time, floating pieces of wood may sink. Which of the following explanations would Student 1 most likely give for this observation?

In a physics class, students conducted a series of experiments by placing different objects into a beaker of water. They conducted twenty trials for each object. For each trial, they recorded whether or not the object floated.

First, they placed a steel paper clip into the water. They observed that the paper clip usually sank; however, they also saw that occasionally, the paper clip stayed afloat if it was placed very gently on top of the water. Next, they repeated the the same procedure using a cork, a toy boat made of aluminum, and a glass marble. They observed that both the cork and the toy boat always stayed afloat in the water, but that the glass marble always sank.

Below, three students give their explanations for these observations.

Student 1:

Objects float when they are less dense than the liquid in which they are immersed. For example, when immiscible liquids of varying densities are mixed together in a container, the most dense liquid will sink to the bottom of the container, while the least dense liquid will rise to the top. This same principle applies to solid objects. Because the cork and the aluminum toy boat always float, cork and the aluminum of the boat must be less dense than water. Because the glass marble always sinks, the glass of the marble must be more dense than water.

Objects that are more dense than water can also float due to surface tension. Surface tension occurs because molecules of a liquid are more attracted to each other more than they are to other objects. Molecules on the surface of water are attracted to the molecules around them and below them. This attraction causes a liquid's surface to behave if it were covered by a thin film, which resists penetration by other objects. Therefore, small objects such as paper clips can sometimes float on water when the upward force of water's surface tension exceeds the force of gravity pulling such objects down. Because the paper clips often sink and only float sometimes, we can conclude that they are indeed more dense than water, and that their floating is due to surface tension.

Student 2:

Objects float in two different cases: when they are buoyed by a liquid's surface tension or when their average density is less than that of the liquid in which they are immersed. The average density of cork is less than that of water. This is why the cork floats. In contrast, the density of glass is more than that of water. This is why the glass marble sinks.

However, the densities of aluminum and of steel are greater than that of water. Thus, density cannot be used to explain why the aluminum toy boat and the paper clip float. Both of these objects float because of surface tension. Because the paper clip does not have much mass, the normal upward force created by water's surface tension can be enough to allow it to float. Other objects with greater mass, like the toy boat, employ a particular shape to magnify the force of surface tension. The curved shape of the boat's bottom both stabilizes the boat and increases the amount of the boat's surface area that touches the water, maximizing the force due to surface tension that the boat receives.

Student 3:

In this experiment, the paper clip floats because of surface tension; however, the cork, toy boat, and marble float or sink because of their relationship to a buoyant force. All objects immersed in a liquid experience a buoyant force, which pushes them upward. The strength of this force is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced, or pushed aside, by an object. Every object also experiences a downward force due to gravity, which is measured as the object's weight, and which is directly proportional to the object's mass. When the buoyant force acting on an object is greater than the downward force due to gravity, the object floats. However, when the buoyant force is less than the force due to gravity, the object sinks. Both the cork and the aluminum toy boat are able to displace enough water to create a buoyant force that exceeds the force due to gravity, so they float. However, the glass marble does not displace enough water to create a sufficient buoyant force, so it sinks.

Given that Student 3's explanation is correct, how does the buoyant force on an object held down completely under water compare to the buoyant force on the same object when it is held down partially under water? Compared to the force on the completely-submerged object, the force on the partially-submerged object is __________.

In a physics class, students conducted a series of experiments by placing different objects into a beaker of water. They conducted twenty trials for each object. For each trial, they recorded whether or not the object floated.

First, they placed a steel paper clip into the water. They observed that the paper clip usually sank; however, they also saw that occasionally, the paper clip stayed afloat if it was placed very gently on top of the water. Next, they repeated the the same procedure using a cork, a toy boat made of aluminum, and a glass marble. They observed that both the cork and the toy boat always stayed afloat in the water, but that the glass marble always sank.

Below, three students give their explanations for these observations.

Student 1:

Objects float when they are less dense than the liquid in which they are immersed. For example, when immiscible liquids of varying densities are mixed together in a container, the most dense liquid will sink to the bottom of the container, while the least dense liquid will rise to the top. This same principle applies to solid objects. Because the cork and the aluminum toy boat always float, cork and the aluminum of the boat must be less dense than water. Because the glass marble always sinks, the glass of the marble must be more dense than water.

Objects that are more dense than water can also float due to surface tension. Surface tension occurs because molecules of a liquid are more attracted to each other more than they are to other objects. Molecules on the surface of water are attracted to the molecules around them and below them. This attraction causes a liquid's surface to behave if it were covered by a thin film, which resists penetration by other objects. Therefore, small objects such as paper clips can sometimes float on water when the upward force of water's surface tension exceeds the force of gravity pulling such objects down. Because the paper clips often sink and only float sometimes, we can conclude that they are indeed more dense than water, and that their floating is due to surface tension.

Student 2:

Objects float in two different cases: when they are buoyed by a liquid's surface tension or when their average density is less than that of the liquid in which they are immersed. The average density of cork is less than that of water. This is why the cork floats. In contrast, the density of glass is more than that of water. This is why the glass marble sinks.

However, the densities of aluminum and of steel are greater than that of water. Thus, density cannot be used to explain why the aluminum toy boat and the paper clip float. Both of these objects float because of surface tension. Because the paper clip does not have much mass, the normal upward force created by water's surface tension can be enough to allow it to float. Other objects with greater mass, like the toy boat, employ a particular shape to magnify the force of surface tension. The curved shape of the boat's bottom both stabilizes the boat and increases the amount of the boat's surface area that touches the water, maximizing the force due to surface tension that the boat receives.

Student 3:

In this experiment, the paper clip floats because of surface tension; however, the cork, toy boat, and marble float or sink because of their relationship to a buoyant force. All objects immersed in a liquid experience a buoyant force, which pushes them upward. The strength of this force is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced, or pushed aside, by an object. Every object also experiences a downward force due to gravity, which is measured as the object's weight, and which is directly proportional to the object's mass. When the buoyant force acting on an object is greater than the downward force due to gravity, the object floats. However, when the buoyant force is less than the force due to gravity, the object sinks. Both the cork and the aluminum toy boat are able to displace enough water to create a buoyant force that exceeds the force due to gravity, so they float. However, the glass marble does not displace enough water to create a sufficient buoyant force, so it sinks.

Paint is more dense than cooking oil; however, when a drop of paint is dripped into a container of cooking oil, it floats on top of the oil. If Student 1's explanation is correct, which of the following is most likely the reason for this observation?

In a physics class, students conducted a series of experiments by placing different objects into a beaker of water. They conducted twenty trials for each object. For each trial, they recorded whether or not the object floated.

First, they placed a steel paper clip into the water. They observed that the paper clip usually sank; however, they also saw that occasionally, the paper clip stayed afloat if it was placed very gently on top of the water. Next, they repeated the the same procedure using a cork, a toy boat made of aluminum, and a glass marble. They observed that both the cork and the toy boat always stayed afloat in the water, but that the glass marble always sank.

Below, three students give their explanations for these observations.

Student 1:

Objects float when they are less dense than the liquid in which they are immersed. For example, when immiscible liquids of varying densities are mixed together in a container, the most dense liquid will sink to the bottom of the container, while the least dense liquid will rise to the top. This same principle applies to solid objects. Because the cork and the aluminum toy boat always float, cork and the aluminum of the boat must be less dense than water. Because the glass marble always sinks, the glass of the marble must be more dense than water.

Objects that are more dense than water can also float due to surface tension. Surface tension occurs because molecules of a liquid are more attracted to each other more than they are to other objects. Molecules on the surface of water are attracted to the molecules around them and below them. This attraction causes a liquid's surface to behave if it were covered by a thin film, which resists penetration by other objects. Therefore, small objects such as paper clips can sometimes float on water when the upward force of water's surface tension exceeds the force of gravity pulling such objects down. Because the paper clips often sink and only float sometimes, we can conclude that they are indeed more dense than water, and that their floating is due to surface tension.

Student 2:

Objects float in two different cases: when they are buoyed by a liquid's surface tension or when their average density is less than that of the liquid in which they are immersed. The average density of cork is less than that of water. This is why the cork floats. In contrast, the density of glass is more than that of water. This is why the glass marble sinks.

However, the densities of aluminum and of steel are greater than that of water. Thus, density cannot be used to explain why the aluminum toy boat and the paper clip float. Both of these objects float because of surface tension. Because the paper clip does not have much mass, the normal upward force created by water's surface tension can be enough to allow it to float. Other objects with greater mass, like the toy boat, employ a particular shape to magnify the force of surface tension. The curved shape of the boat's bottom both stabilizes the boat and increases the amount of the boat's surface area that touches the water, maximizing the force due to surface tension that the boat receives.

Student 3:

In this experiment, the paper clip floats because of surface tension; however, the cork, toy boat, and marble float or sink because of their relationship to a buoyant force. All objects immersed in a liquid experience a buoyant force, which pushes them upward. The strength of this force is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced, or pushed aside, by an object. Every object also experiences a downward force due to gravity, which is measured as the object's weight, and which is directly proportional to the object's mass. When the buoyant force acting on an object is greater than the downward force due to gravity, the object floats. However, when the buoyant force is less than the force due to gravity, the object sinks. Both the cork and the aluminum toy boat are able to displace enough water to create a buoyant force that exceeds the force due to gravity, so they float. However, the glass marble does not displace enough water to create a sufficient buoyant force, so it sinks.

Which of the following is mentioned by Student 2, but not by Students 1 or 3, as a factor that determines whether or not objects float?

In a physics class, students conducted a series of experiments by placing different objects into a beaker of water. They conducted twenty trials for each object. For each trial, they recorded whether or not the object floated.

First, they placed a steel paper clip into the water. They observed that the paper clip usually sank; however, they also saw that occasionally, the paper clip stayed afloat if it was placed very gently on top of the water. Next, they repeated the the same procedure using a cork, a toy boat made of aluminum, and a glass marble. They observed that both the cork and the toy boat always stayed afloat in the water, but that the glass marble always sank.

Below, three students give their explanations for these observations.

Student 1:

Objects float when they are less dense than the liquid in which they are immersed. For example, when immiscible liquids of varying densities are mixed together in a container, the most dense liquid will sink to the bottom of the container, while the least dense liquid will rise to the top. This same principle applies to solid objects. Because the cork and the aluminum toy boat always float, cork and the aluminum of the boat must be less dense than water. Because the glass marble always sinks, the glass of the marble must be more dense than water.

Objects that are more dense than water can also float due to surface tension. Surface tension occurs because molecules of a liquid are more attracted to each other more than they are to other objects. Molecules on the surface of water are attracted to the molecules around them and below them. This attraction causes a liquid's surface to behave if it were covered by a thin film, which resists penetration by other objects. Therefore, small objects such as paper clips can sometimes float on water when the upward force of water's surface tension exceeds the force of gravity pulling such objects down. Because the paper clips often sink and only float sometimes, we can conclude that they are indeed more dense than water, and that their floating is due to surface tension.

Student 2:

Objects float in two different cases: when they are buoyed by a liquid's surface tension or when their average density is less than that of the liquid in which they are immersed. The average density of cork is less than that of water. This is why the cork floats. In contrast, the density of glass is more than that of water. This is why the glass marble sinks.

However, the densities of aluminum and of steel are greater than that of water. Thus, density cannot be used to explain why the aluminum toy boat and the paper clip float. Both of these objects float because of surface tension. Because the paper clip does not have much mass, the normal upward force created by water's surface tension can be enough to allow it to float. Other objects with greater mass, like the toy boat, employ a particular shape to magnify the force of surface tension. The curved shape of the boat's bottom both stabilizes the boat and increases the amount of the boat's surface area that touches the water, maximizing the force due to surface tension that the boat receives.

Student 3:

In this experiment, the paper clip floats because of surface tension; however, the cork, toy boat, and marble float or sink because of their relationship to a buoyant force. All objects immersed in a liquid experience a buoyant force, which pushes them upward. The strength of this force is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced, or pushed aside, by an object. Every object also experiences a downward force due to gravity, which is measured as the object's weight, and which is directly proportional to the object's mass. When the buoyant force acting on an object is greater than the downward force due to gravity, the object floats. However, when the buoyant force is less than the force due to gravity, the object sinks. Both the cork and the aluminum toy boat are able to displace enough water to create a buoyant force that exceeds the force due to gravity, so they float. However, the glass marble does not displace enough water to create a sufficient buoyant force, so it sinks.

Given that Student2's explanation is correct, which of the following objects is most likely to float?

In a physics class, students conducted a series of experiments by placing different objects into a beaker of water. They conducted twenty trials for each object. For each trial, they recorded whether or not the object floated.

First, they placed a steel paper clip into the water. They observed that the paper clip usually sank; however, they also saw that occasionally, the paper clip stayed afloat if it was placed very gently on top of the water. Next, they repeated the the same procedure using a cork, a toy boat made of aluminum, and a glass marble. They observed that both the cork and the toy boat always stayed afloat in the water, but that the glass marble always sank.

Below, three students give their explanations for these observations.

Student 1:

Objects float when they are less dense than the liquid in which they are immersed. For example, when immiscible liquids of varying densities are mixed together in a container, the most dense liquid will sink to the bottom of the container, while the least dense liquid will rise to the top. This same principle applies to solid objects. Because the cork and the aluminum toy boat always float, cork and the aluminum of the boat must be less dense than water. Because the glass marble always sinks, the glass of the marble must be more dense than water.

Objects that are more dense than water can also float due to surface tension. Surface tension occurs because molecules of a liquid are more attracted to each other more than they are to other objects. Molecules on the surface of water are attracted to the molecules around them and below them. This attraction causes a liquid's surface to behave if it were covered by a thin film, which resists penetration by other objects. Therefore, small objects such as paper clips can sometimes float on water when the upward force of water's surface tension exceeds the force of gravity pulling such objects down. Because the paper clips often sink and only float sometimes, we can conclude that they are indeed more dense than water, and that their floating is due to surface tension.

Student 2:

Objects float in two different cases: when they are buoyed by a liquid's surface tension or when their average density is less than that of the liquid in which they are immersed. The average density of cork is less than that of water. This is why the cork floats. In contrast, the density of glass is more than that of water. This is why the glass marble sinks.

However, the densities of aluminum and of steel are greater than that of water. Thus, density cannot be used to explain why the aluminum toy boat and the paper clip float. Both of these objects float because of surface tension. Because the paper clip does not have much mass, the normal upward force created by water's surface tension can be enough to allow it to float. Other objects with greater mass, like the toy boat, employ a particular shape to magnify the force of surface tension. The curved shape of the boat's bottom both stabilizes the boat and increases the amount of the boat's surface area that touches the water, maximizing the force due to surface tension that the boat receives.

Student 3:

In this experiment, the paper clip floats because of surface tension; however, the cork, toy boat, and marble float or sink because of their relationship to a buoyant force. All objects immersed in a liquid experience a buoyant force, which pushes them upward. The strength of this force is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced, or pushed aside, by an object. Every object also experiences a downward force due to gravity, which is measured as the object's weight, and which is directly proportional to the object's mass. When the buoyant force acting on an object is greater than the downward force due to gravity, the object floats. However, when the buoyant force is less than the force due to gravity, the object sinks. Both the cork and the aluminum toy boat are able to displace enough water to create a buoyant force that exceeds the force due to gravity, so they float. However, the glass marble does not displace enough water to create a sufficient buoyant force, so it sinks.

In an experiment, an apple is attached to a spring scale. The reading on the scale shows how much upward force is exerted by the spring to keep the apple suspended in place. If Student 3's explanation is correct, how will the reading on the scale change when the apple is placed partway in water? The reading on the scale will be __________.