Which of the following combinations of variables resulted in the same average tree heights in Survey 1 and Survey 2?

You have a antibiotic solution of a unknown concentration, and run tests to determine the concentration. If you run a test at 37 degrees Celsius and a pH of 7.4, what is the concentration of the antibiotic if approximately 17% of the bacteria die?

Scientists want to see how any athlete's heart health is different from others. The scientists monitor four individual's (A, B, C and D) heart rates during sleep, rest and intense exercise. Only one athlete was tested and the data was recorded in the table below in heart beats per minute.

What can be said about the relationship between heart rate while sleeping, resting and exercising? 

The mountain chickadee is a bird native to Colorado’s coniferous forests, preferring to live in areas 6,000 to 12,000 feet in elevation. They are a resident species, meaning they do not migrate south for the winter.

The mountain chickadee nests in coniferous trees, caves, snags and abandoned foxholes and eats insects, berries, and seeds. They tend to stay close to the breeding ground for most of their adult lives, and do not care for treeless valleys outside of the high country.

Researchers wish to know more about the nesting behaviors of these animals. For a calendar year, these researchers documented nesting patterns of the male chickadees in a coniferous forest in Northern Colorado. The researchers took note of both the season as well as the characteristics of the chickadee nests in order to establish a pattern. The results are documented below.

Mountain Chickadee Nesting and Survival Patterns June 2011- May 2012:

Which of the follow states is likeliest, after Colorado, to house a population of mountain chickadees? 

The mountain chickadee is a bird native to Colorado’s coniferous forests, preferring to live in areas 6,000 to 12,000 feet in elevation. They are a resident species, meaning they do not migrate south for the winter.

The mountain chickadee nests in coniferous trees, caves, snags and abandoned foxholes and eats insects, berries, and seeds. They tend to stay close to the breeding ground for most of their adult lives, and do not care for treeless valleys outside of the high country.

Researchers wish to know more about the nesting behaviors of these animals. For a calendar year, these researchers documented nesting patterns of the male chickadees in a coniferous forest in Northern Colorado. The researchers took note of both the season as well as the characteristics of the chickadee nests in order to establish a pattern. The results are documented below.

Mountain Chickadee Nesting and Survival Patterns June 2011- May 2012:

In April, likely how many nests could a researchers see built in one day? 

The mountain chickadee is a bird native to Colorado’s coniferous forests, preferring to live in areas 6,000 to 12,000 feet in elevation. They are a resident species, meaning they do not migrate south for the winter.

The mountain chickadee nests in coniferous trees, caves, snags and abandoned foxholes and eats insects, berries, and seeds. They tend to stay close to the breeding ground for most of their adult lives, and do not care for treeless valleys outside of the high country.

Researchers wish to know more about the nesting behaviors of these animals. For a calendar year, these researchers documented nesting patterns of the male chickadees in a coniferous forest in Northern Colorado. The researchers took note of both the season as well as the characteristics of the chickadee nests in order to establish a pattern. The results are documented below.

Mountain Chickadee Nesting and Survival Patterns June 2011- May 2012:

In December, which of these is the least likely home of any one chickadee?

The mountain chickadee is a bird native to Colorado’s coniferous forests, preferring to live in areas 6,000 to 12,000 feet in elevation. They are a resident species, meaning they do not migrate south for the winter.

The mountain chickadee nests in coniferous trees, caves, snags and abandoned foxholes and eats insects, berries, and seeds. They tend to stay close to the breeding ground for most of their adult lives, and do not care for treeless valleys outside of the high country.

Researchers wish to know more about the nesting behaviors of these animals. For a calendar year, these researchers documented nesting patterns of the male chickadees in a coniferous forest in Northern Colorado. The researchers took note of both the season as well as the characteristics of the chickadee nests in order to establish a pattern. The results are documented below.

Mountain Chickadee Nesting and Survival Patterns June 2011- May 2012:

The primary information about the mountain chickadee suggests what about its living habit? 

The mountain chickadee is a bird native to Colorado’s coniferous forests, preferring to live in areas 6,000 to 12,000 feet in elevation. They are a resident species, meaning they do not migrate south for the winter.

The mountain chickadee nests in coniferous trees, caves, snags and abandoned foxholes and eats insects, berries, and seeds. They tend to stay close to the breeding ground for most of their adult lives, and do not care for treeless valleys outside of the high country.

Researchers wish to know more about the nesting behaviors of these animals. For a calendar year, these researchers documented nesting patterns of the male chickadees in a coniferous forest in Northern Colorado. The researchers took note of both the season as well as the characteristics of the chickadee nests in order to establish a pattern. The results are documented below.

Mountain Chickadee Nesting and Survival Patterns June 2011- May 2012:

If a chickadee nests in December, according to the data when is he likely to leave that nest?

Botulism is a rare disease caused by the botulinum toxin produced and secreted by Clostridium botulinum. Botulism causes muscle weakness and in severe cases can inhibit the muscles of respiration and lead to respiratory failure and even death. The exotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum causes damage to its host by inhibiting of the release of the chemical messenger acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, meaning it is responsible for enabling communication between a nerve cell and other cells. 

Experiment A

Scientists conducting a study on the lethality of the botulinum toxin are looking at the effect of acidification on the toxin’s potency. They design a study in mice to identify the minimal lethal dose of botulinum toxin. The scientists believe acidification will reduce the minimal lethal dose. The findings from their study are below:

Experiment B

Scientists also assessed the relationship between acidification and the incubation period. The incubation period was defined as the time between exposure to the toxin and the onset of symptoms. 

Data and concepts from: Bronfenbrenner, J. & Schlesinger M.J. (1922). Some of the factors contributing to toxicity of botulinus toxin by mouth. JAMA, 78(20), 1519-1521.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the minimal lethal dose and pH?

Botulism is a rare disease caused by the botulinum toxin produced and secreted by Clostridium botulinum. Botulism causes muscle weakness and in severe cases can inhibit the muscles of respiration and lead to respiratory failure and even death. The exotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum causes damage to its host by inhibiting of the release of the chemical messenger acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, meaning it is responsible for enabling communication between a nerve cell and other cells. 

Experiment A

Scientists conducting a study on the lethality of the botulinum toxin are looking at the effect of acidification on the toxin’s potency. They design a study in mice to identify the minimal lethal dose of botulinum toxin. The scientists believe acidification will reduce the minimal lethal dose. The findings from their study are below:

Experiment B

Scientists also assessed the relationship between acidification and the incubation period. The incubation period was defined as the time between exposure to the toxin and the onset of symptoms. 

Data and concepts from: Bronfenbrenner, J. & Schlesinger M.J. (1922). Some of the factors contributing to toxicity of botulinus toxin by mouth. JAMA, 78(20), 1519-1521.

What is the expected incubation period for a pH of 5.5?