The Crusades led directly to all of these consequences except an increase in religious tolerance in Europe. Rather, the Crusades contributed to a growth of religious intolerance (particularly against Jewish people) in Medieval Europe. The Crusades led to a growth of the European middle class because so many landed nobles and aristocrats perished in the efforts to retake the Holy Land; they left a power vacuum that was filled by the middle class, which had grown wealthy from the increase in trade caused by the same endeavor. The authority of the church also increased as Christendom became somewhat united behind one goal. Finally, technological innovation was encouraged in Europe by the returning knights who brought with them ideas and mathematical theories developed in the Islamic world.

On his return from the Holy Land, Richard the Lionheart was captured by his longtime rival Henry VI, the Holy Roman Emperor, in the city of Vienna. He was held for ransom by the Emperor which was eventually paid by an extreme tax on the English people. Richard returned to England briefly before departing to fight a series of wars against the French during one of which he was killed.

Ignatius Loyola is most famous for founding the Jesuits. The Jesuits were recognized as a religious institution by the Pope in 1540, and they played a massive role in the Catholic Counter-Reformation. The Jesuits were primarily devoted to education, but they were also involved in the persecution of Protestant populations.

In the years leading up to the Edict of Expulsion, the Jewish population had faced widespread persecution and forced conversion in Spain. This all came to a head in 1492 when the Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella issued the Edict of Expulsion, which declared that all Jewish people must leave the Kingdom within a few months or face severe consequences (including death without trial).

The Spanish Inquisition was launched during the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella to try and ensure the continued supremacy of Catholicism in Spain. It quickly evolved (or devolved) into an institution of torture and intimidation that forced the Jewish and Muslim populations of Spain to convert, flee, or die. 

The Domesday Book is a record of the Norman survey of England carried out in 1086. The purpose of the book was to find out how much land, property, and so on was owned by each individual in the territory so as to facilitate taxation in William the Conqueror's new territory.

The Hanseatic League was created in the fourteenth century to encourage, protect, and facilitate trade in Northern Europe. It was an agreement designed to deter conflict and provide protections for various merchant classes. 

The Magna Carta, signed by King John II in 1215 and subsequently renewed on several occasions, is often cited as the beginning of democracy in England, or at least the beginning of the English Constitution. In practice, it effectively guaranteed the protection of the rights of some twenty-five members of the English aristocracy from the abuses of the King. The importance of the document comes from the precedent it established that in English society, the power of the King was never absolute.

The Magna Carta was signed in England in 1215. The document provides certain guarantees of the rights of the English nobility against the abuse of the king. It was signed by King John II of England.

The monastery at Lindisfarne in Northeast England was a center of learning and scholarship in the Anglo-Saxon period. In 793, a Viking raid destroyed the entire monastery, killing most of the monks and ruining many of the books held there. The sack of Lindisfarne is commonly regarded as the start of Viking raids in Northern Europe.