Solon was an Athenian statesman in the sixth century BCE. His economic, political, and social reforms were designed to improve the conditions of life in ancient Athens, and although his reforms failed, they are credited with laying the foundations for Greek democracy.

Ancient Greece developed many philosophies that continue to influence the world today. One of these is Humanism, the belief that reason is more important than piety and that people, not a deity or deities, were at the center of the universe.

Epicureanism is a philosophical belief that rejects superstition and divine providence and argues that the pursuit of pleasure is the most important aspect of life. In Epicureanism, the pursuit of pleasure is somewhat removed from a modern philosophy of hedonism; instead, it advocates modest living and actively seeking knowledge as pleasurable pursuits.

The Socratic Method, developed by the famous Greek philosopher Socrates, focuses on challenging established truth by employing logical reasoning and questioning.

Aristotle was an Ancient Greek philosopher and a student of Plato. He is most famous for establishing a system of logic that continues to be relevant to this day. The term Aristotelian Logic is named after him and was the dominant form of logical understanding up to the beginning of the Twentieth Century. 

The Hellenic Period of Greek history was a time of great innovation in politics, economics, philosophy, mathematics, and a great deal else. Diophantus of Alexandria was a Greek mathematician who lived in the third century of the common era. He is often credited with the invention of algebra.

As Alexander the Great conquered most of the known world in the fourth century BCE, he left behind thoroughly Hellenized rulers in all of the places he conquered. In Egypt, he left behind the Ptolemaic dynasty, named after its progenitor Ptolemy I Soter, which replaced the traditional Pharoahs and then demanded to be called the Pharoahs themselves. The Ptolemies ruled Egypt until it was conquered by Rome under Augustus in 30 BCE.

All of these men were ancient or classical historians. Thucydides famously wrote about the Peloponnesian War that was fought between Sparta and Athens; Herodotus is often considered “the Father of History” and wrote extensively on the history of wars between Greece and Persia; Livy was a Roman historian who wrote a colossal history of the Roman Empire; and Liu Xiang was a Chinese historian who lived from roughly 75 BCE to 6 BCE.

Darius and Xerxes were Persian emperors who were more concerned with destroying Greek culture and influence than spreading it. Julius Caesar was a Roman General and then later, briefly, an emperor. Leonidas is the man immortalized in the story of the battle of Thermopylae who lead a small force of Spartan soldiers against the seemingly endless might of the Persian Empire. Of the provided answer choices, only Alexander the Great was both Greek and a conqueror. Alexander the Great lead Greek and Macedonian forces on a massive campaign across North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia that did not end until he reached Northern India. He is often partly credited with the overwhelming influence that Greek culture has had on the world’s languages, cultures, religions, philosophies, and politics. 

Of these famous ancient Greek individuals, only Sophocles is famous for his dramatic, specifically tragic, plays. Socrates and Aristotle are both famous for their philosophical and scientific writings and teachings (Socrates taught Plato, who taught Aristotle, who taught Alexander the Great). Pericles was the most famous political figure in Republican Athens. Finally, Thucydides is remembered for his historical writings, particularly his History of the Peloponnesian War, a chronicling of a war that was fought between Athens and Sparta in the fifth Century BCE.