A mass spectrum is very useful in the fact that it can help find an unknown compound's molecular formula.

To find the number of carbons from the data given, we divide the relative abundance of M+1 by 1.1:

 so we know that the compound must have six or seven carbon atoms (probably 6).

We cannot find exactly how many nitrogen atoms are present based on the data given. However, we can use the data and the nitrogen rule to determine that there must be an even number of nitrogens (0, 2, 4, ...) present in the compound. (The nitgrogen rule states that if the M peak has an m/z that is even, the compound must contain an even number of nitrogens).

The only answer that fits into both of these requirements is: 6 carbon atoms and 2 nitrogen atoms

The molecule has one  and one  next to each other. This results in the  reading with a quadruple, since it is next to 3 similar hydrogen. The   reading will have a triplet. The   group that is alone will have only a singlet peak.

Frequency is directly proportional to wavenumber, as both quantities are inversely proportional to wavelength. Thus one can order the resonances in order of increasing wavenumber:

 has the lowest wavenumber 

 sp³ 

 sp² 

The most polar compounds will stick to the TLC plate and not follow the solvent very much, if at all. The more non-polar compounds will tend to follow the solvent front and therefore have the highest Rf. Rf is the distance the compound travels divided by the distance the solvent travels. The most non-polar compound is iso-propylbenzene, IV, followed by acetophenone, I. Benzyl alcohol, II, would be followed by benzoic acid, III, which would not move up the plate much at all. Alcohols are polar compounds, as are carboxylic acids, which are the most polar of the four listed. 

To calculate the Rf you must determine the length the solvent traveled starting at the position of the compound. Then determine how far the compound traveled. 

To determine the distances you must analyze the given information. The compound distance traveled is given (15 mm). The solvent distance is started from where the compound was spotted to where the solvent was stopped (the dashed line). If the TLC plate is 60 mm, then subtract 5 mm since the compound was spotted 5 mm up the plate from the bottom. Then subtract another 5mm because the solvent was stopped 5 mm from the top:

The only place to dispose of broken glass is the "broken glass" receptacle. This is provided in every lab so no one gets hurt when transferring waste from the lab. If glass is disposed of in the trash, it can cut someone through the bag when handling the refuse. Always clean broken glass as soon as possible. Broken glass in a lab can have chemical residue and is considered a health hazard. Never walk away from broken glass thinking someone else will find it.

The percent yield of a reaction is calculated by dividing the actual yield by the theoretical yield, then multiplying that number by 100%:

A SN₁ reaction proceeds with loss of stereochemistry. A pure chiral compound rotates plane polarized light. This is measured as an optical rotation in degrees. Two enantiomers have equal and opposite optical rotations. If the starting material has an optical rotation of , then it's enantiomer has the same rotation, but negative . In this case the reaction will become racemic (equal amounts of both isomers) and have an optical rotation of .