Cigarette smoking and other poor lifestyle choices have been shown to cause decreased fertility in men. Surgeries such as hernia repair can also have a negative effect on male fertility. Sexually transmitted infection can cause fertility problems, especially if left untreated, in males and females. Frequent hot tub or spa use has also not recommended. Mild levels of sun exposure are the least likely of the above to cause infertility in men. 

The male condom is the most effective when used correctly. However, if used incorrectly, carries a much higher risk of failure. The male condom is also the only method of the answer choices that also carries protection against sexually transmitted diseases. 

Medroxyprogesterone acetate injection is the most effective of the listed methods. Other methods of the above carry the risk for displacement or incorrect use. The nurse should inform the client that the medroxyprogesterone acetate injection is not effective against sexually transmitted diseases.

Never twist, jerk, or rip the tick when attempting to remove them from the skin. Wear gloves or use a paper towel if they are not available. Seal the tick within a plastic bag and keep it in the freezer. If illness occurs, the tick may be useful for further testing. 

Escherichia coli is a bacteria that lives in the normal flora of the intestines. However, it is also a frequent cause of urinary tract infections. Candida albicans is a fungus that frequently causes thrush and vaginitis. Mycobacterium leprae is responsible for leprosy or Hansen's disease. Treponema pallidum is a spirochete responsible for syphilis. Lastly, Clostridium botulinum is responsible for botulism as a result of it's secretion of a neurotoxin.

HIV is easily spread through all of the listed body fluids with the exception of saliva. A person may not contract HIV through exchange of saliva during activities such as kissing or sharing eating utensils. 

HIV may be contagious just days after the host is infected. Women in heterosexual relationships may become infected more easily than men due to prolonged exposure to bodily fluids. It is however, possible for men to contract HIV from an infected woman. HIV is not frequently transmitted to health care professionals. Even for those who suffer from needle-stick injuries, transmission is unlikely.

Symptoms of acute HIV generally occur 2-4 weeks after infection. A vast array of symptoms may be present such as fever, rash, generalized fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and a sore throat. 

The catheter needle must be inserted bevel up at an angle between 10 to 30 degrees. The correct steps for inserting an peripheral venous catheter (PVC) are: 1) explain procedure and check identity, 2) prepare equipment at the bedside on clean surface, 3) apply appropriate personal protective equipment as needed, 4) distend veins by applying tourniquet 4-6 inches above site, 5) clean site with facility-approved cleaning solution, 6) hold skin taut to stabilize vein, 7) insert catheter bevel up at an angle between 10 and 30 degrees, 8) pierce skin and vessel to enter vein, 9) advance catheter until blood return observed, then remove tourniquet, 10) withdraw needle from catheter and advance catheter to hub, 11) secure catheter with tape or facility-approved dressing, 12) attach IV tubing and begin infusion, 13) assess for complications including infiltration or hematoma.

All of these are important nursing interventions for a post-op herniorraphy patient. The priority is to prevent increasing intraabdominal pressure. Relieving urinary retention and avoiding coughing are the most important considerations to achieve this priority, but it is most important for the nurse to remember to avoid coughing, as it is most likely to increase intraabdominal pressure. It is also important to remember because it is often promoted for other post-operative procedures, and this is one case where it is not.