The most commonly prescribed medication for absence seizures is Ethosuximide. Lamotrigine and valproic acid may also be used if seizures are unable to be controlled with ethosuximide. Carbamazepine, a common medication prescribed for simple and complex partial seizures, is specifically contraindicated in absence seizures. 

Benzodiazepines are the mainstay of treatment for alcohol withdrawal. Anti-epileptic drug (AEDs) are not to be used during alcohol withdrawal, and are reserved for patients who have a true seizure disorder. The Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol (CIWA) protocol is used as symptom based therapy with benzodiazepines to prevent seizures and other complications from withdrawal.

Cauda equina syndrome is a serious condition in which the cauda equina is disturbed within the spinal cord, generally due to impingement, trauma, local lesion, or compression. The first-line treatment is surgical decompression. Neither physiotherapy nor muscle relaxants would address the cause of this condition, and chiropractic manipulation may actually exacerbate the symptoms. 

The score of this client includes: eye open response is a , best verbal response is  and best motor response is .

Decerebrate positioning is an involuntary response of abduction, extension, and hyperpronation of the upper extremities due to noxious stimuli. There also is hyperextension of the lower extremities and the feet are plantarflexed. Decorticate positioning involves "mummy baby" posture - elbows, wrists, and fingers flexed, and legs extended and rotated medially. The Babinski reflex involves the extension of the big toe following stimulation of the sole of the foot. The crossed extensor reflex is also known as the withdrawal reflex, which involves the differential flexion and relaxation of muscles in the withdrawal of a limb. Vestibulospinal reflexes involve the use of vestibular organs and skeletal muscle to maintain balance, posture, and coordination.

Romberg's test is an evaluation of both proprioception and vestibular function. The patient is asked to stand with eyes open, then to close their eyes and remain still. Any tilting or loss of balance is considered to be a sign of either proprioceptive or vestibular impairment, and should be evaluated further. 

Gait test assesses for gait abnormalities. Rapidly alternating movement test is done with the patient seated with their hands on their thighs. They are asked to rapidly turn their hands over, then return them palms down to their thighs 10 times. This test is evaluating for dysdiadochokinesis, or inability to perform rapidly alternating movements. Ataxia, or the loss of control of bodily movements, is not a specific test, but rather a clinical finding.

In adults, the most common cause of dysdiadochokinesia is multiple sclerosis.

Cerebellar lesion is the most common cause of this finding in children. This symptom is not a normal finding in Parkinson's disease, or in pontine gliomas (tumors of the pons), though neurological impairment or ataxia itself may make rapidly alternating movements difficult.

Increased intracranial pressure can be chronic or acute. The nurse must assess for pupilary response, level of consciousness, and quality of headache if present, in addition to motor response.

Migraine aura that persists after headache has resolved should be evaluated for stroke, transient ischemic attack, or arteriovenous malformation. 

Aphasia is the term for neurological impairment of a person's ability to speak or understand language. 

The other terms listed all denote various deficiencies:

• Ataxia is a loss or lack of coordinated motor function. 
• Apraxia describes a lack of motor planning or inability to execute a specific intentional movement.
• Dysmetria is an inability to judge distance when attempting movements such as grasping at a nearby object

The therapeutic serum phenytoin level is between .

 would be below the therapeutic level and may be due to non-compliance by the client or increased metabolism of the drug. The other options are within the listed therapeutic range.