Deindividuation occurs when people are in a situation with a high degree of arousal and low feelings of responsibilities. In other words, it is a situation where individuals experience a loss of restraint and individual identity that is replaced with mob mentality. It can be described as a lack of self-awareness and results from disconnection of behavior from attitudes. Several factors create ideal conditions for deindividuation: group size, physical anonymity, and arousing activities.

Aggregates are groups of people who frequently exist in the same space but have little interactions. A person would be likely to experience deindividuation in this setting because of concepts like the bystander effect- people assume less responsibility because they believe someone else will take care of whatever issue is at hand, that someone else will do the right thing.

On the other hand, the other choices are incorrect. “Primary groups” are those close to you that you bond and interact heavily with; they serve expressive functions (i.e. where emotional needs are being met). We are closer and feel more generally responsible with these people. “Secondary groups” are usually task-oriented, impersonal, temporary, business-like relationships with instrumental purposes. We would be less likely to experience deindividuation with these groups because we would have a high feeling of responsibility for the tasks the group has been formed to tackle. “Counter-cultures” are distinct subcultures focused on stopping some dominant aspect of mainstream culture (like "anti-vaxxers"). Like an “out-group,” they are not a group with which someone would generally find common values, so they would be unlikely to induce deindividuation.

According to the bystander effect, there is diffusion of responsibility; thus, most people assume, often mistakenly, that “someone else” will take the necessary actions such as calling the police or ambulance. The likelihood of someone taking appropriate action is inversely correlated with the number of people at the scene. 

While intriguing, the other choices are incorrect. A self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute successes to ourselves and failures to external causes. Conformity is where one adjusts one’s thinking or behavior because of that of others. Deviance is described as a violation of society’s standards of conduct or expectations. Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people, in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome.

Also called bystander apathy, the “bystander effect” describes cases where individuals do nothing to help someone in need when other people are around. Many think that if no one else is reacting, then it must mean that the problem is not worth solving. A landmark case occurred in New York when Kitty Genovese was stabbed to death in a public area. Although 38 people witnessed the murder, no one stepped in to help. This scenario is a classic example of the bystander effect. Although the people could be described as conforming to one another, bystander effect is a more specific description.

The correct answer is "groupthink," the concept that individuals stifle their ideas in the group to achieve concensus. Group polarization is not the correct answer, because it means that groups might select options that are more extreme than individual members of that group might select, and this is not illustrated in the example above. The other concepts are concepts of psychology, but are not related to group processes. 

Group polarization describes the phenomenon when individuals make more extreme decisions when acting together as a group than they would by themselves. In this scenario, as individuals—the jurors—believed in their respective points of view from the beginning; however, after they formed oppositional groups, they became even more entrenched in their points of view.

The other choices are incorrect due to various reasons. Cognitive appraisal is a process where a physiological arousal is assessed in the brain and processed for the appropriate physiological and psychological coping strategies. It has nothing to do with the juror situation. Informational influence is a group effect arising from a group’s desire to be correct and to understand how to act best in a given situation. While this may play a role here—because the jury may be trying to be correct and act in the interest of justice—it has split into two opposing camps and one group will not “act correctly." Social categorization is the process by which people sort themselves into categories. This may be happening in this situation when the jury broke into two camps—those who believe the defendant is guilty and those who believe the defendant is not guilty—but it is not the primary effect. The self-serving bias describes the attribution of positive experiences to our own character and actions but negative experiences to factors external to our own character and actions. While this may affect the jurors’ interpretations of their own opinions and actions, it does not explain why they are more entrenched in their beliefs after discussing the matter with others who believe the same thing they do.

Lance views Joe’s beliefs through his own (Lance) cultural viewpoints. This is the definition of ethnocentrism. Had he put Joe’s beliefs in context of Joe’s culture, that would have been an example of cultural relativism. Jingoism is more extreme, often demonstrated by extreme or aggressive action. Although it could be argued that Lance is advocating for human rights, ethnocentrism is a more precise answer that accurately describes the whole scenario and is not subject to more information about how the slaves are treated. 

Prejudice forms when an opinion is made without consideration of relevant facts.

Prejudices can be positive or negative, despite their common association with negative bias, and generally involve the equation of a group-identity to a single individual. Opinion about the individual is formed based on the perceived association with the group. Personal experience with a subject is inherently absent from the formation of a prejudicial opinion. Examples of prejudice include racism, sexism, agism, and classism.

“Prejudice” is described as forming a negative or stereotypical opinion about someone or something with no real basis. “Discrimination” usually refers to an institutional policy that is partial to one group. If we were informed that the rich communities were getting richer and the poor communities were getting poorer, then this could be an example of “social Darwinism.”

All of these are examples of discrimination, except for the answer choice that involves screening all patients. The questions may be uncomfortable, but because they are applied broadly to everyone in the practice, they are not considered disciminatory.

Discrimination is the practice of treating some people differently from others based on non-influencing or non-causal factors, and it is usually based on prejudice.

Screening only poor people for a sexually transmitted infection assumes that poor people are more likely to spread the disease, and that is discriminatory. Assuming that people who are Chinese, or associated with any other group, are causing or carrying disease, is also discrimination. Some diseases spread within close-knit communities, but there was no evidence that the accused did not regularly interact with people outside of the community, who may also have the disease. 

Refusing to see patients who require translation is a form of discrimination, since everyone has the right to access healthcare, and there are translators available. People in wheelchairs are different from people who are not in wheelchairs because in that they require a special ramp, but not with regards to their rights to access healthcare. To deny access to a group based on something they cannot control is discrimination.

Discrimination is treatment that either favors or excludes people based on their belonging to a specific group or class. In this case, the Greek man is excluded because of his nationality. Institutional discrimination differs from personal discrimination when discriminatory practices are the policy of a group (in this case the employment agency), not just an action or policy of one person. Racial profiling is more accurately used to describe unfair suspicion for crimes based on racial identity. Deindividualization is an effect described by Milgram in which a person becomes less self-aware when with a group or authority figure.