In which of the following places does the breakdown phase of beta-oxidation occur?

Which of the following describes a beta oxidation reaction?

Fatty acids and cholesterol are stored in tissues as __________ and __________, respectively.

The cellular membrane is a very important structure. The lipid bilayer is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic. The hydrophilic layer faces the extracellular fluid and the cytosol of the cell. The hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer stays in between the hydrophobic regions like a sandwich. This bilayer separation allows for communication, protection, and homeostasis. 

One of the most utilized signaling transduction pathways is the G protein-coupled receptor pathway. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of the cellular membrane allows for the peptide and other hydrophilic hormones to bind to the receptor on the cellular surface but to not enter the cell. This regulation allows for activation despite the hormone’s short half-life. On the other hand, hydrophobic hormones must have longer half-lives to allow for these ligands to cross the lipid bilayer, travel through the cell’s cytosol and eventually reach the nucleus. 

Cholesterol allows the lipid bilayer to maintain its fluidity despite the fluctuation in the body’s temperature due to events such as increasing metabolism. Cholesterol binds to the hydrophobic tails of the lipid bilayer. When the temperature is low, the cholesterol molecules prevent the hydrophobic tails from compacting and solidifying. When the temperature is high, the hydrophobic tails will be excited and will move excessively. This excess movement will bring instability to the bilayer. Cholesterol will prevent excessive movement.

Which of the following hormones utilizes cholesterol as a precursor? 

I. Cortisol

II. Aldosterone

III. Mineralocorticoid 

The body attempts to maintain a steady concentration of glucose in the blood, promoting consistent brain function and red blood cell survival. When glucose levels fall, however, the body breaks down glycogen to replenish stores for a short period of time before new glucose molecules are made through the process of gluconeogenesis.

In which organ does gluconeogenesis occur?

The process of glycolysis is used by all cells of the body to turn glucose into ATP for cellular energy. When stores of glucose are low, however, the body can break down a form of stored glucose in the liver to increase glucose reserves.

What molecule is broken down by a phosphorylase in the liver to yield glucose-1-phosphate?

Which of the following cannot be directly converted to acetyl-CoA?

Which of the following is not an adequate alternative energy source for humans?

When the body is unable to renew its glucose stores through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, it makes ketone bodies derived from beta-oxidation of free fatty acids. Which of the following is not a ketone body utilized by the brain during periods of starvation?