The sodium-potassium pump pumps three sodium ions out of the cytosol, and two potassium ions into the cytosol. It is electrogenic because each sodium and potassium ion have a charge of positive one, and the two ions are pumped in unequal quantities. The pump generates an electric gradient and current due to the directional flow of positive charge out of the cell.

When aldosterone is released, it increases the action of the sodium-potassium pump, causing excess sodium to be removed from the filtrate in the distal tubule, thus conserving sodium and drawing water out of the filtrate.

The glomerulus is the primary site of filtration in the kidney. Together, the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule for the renal corpuscle of the nephron and are responsible for collecting filtrate from the blood. Deposition and accumulation of immune complexes in the glomerulus would result in blockage of its filtering functions, impeding nephron function and preventing proper excretion of soluble wastes.

The sinoatrial node is the natural pacemaker region of the heart, located in the right atrium. Haversian canals are the central regions of osteons and often house nerves and blood vessels, facilitating cellular communication within bone. Neuromuscular junctions are the interface regions between a single neuron and the muscle fiber it innervates. The semicircular canals are located in the inner ear and function in the propagation an integration of sound vibrations. None of these structures are involved in filtration, and they would most likely be unaffected by the presence of immune complexes in the body.

Together, Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus make up the renal corpuscle. Blood flows through the glomerulus, where high hydrostatic pressures force plasma through the fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium into Bowman's capsule. The substance that ends up in the capsule is called the filtrate, which then moves to the proximal tubule. Proteins, glucose, and ions are secreted from the proximal tubule back into the blood.

The collecting duct is impermeable to water and is not particularly sensitive to aldosterone. Instead, aldosterone, a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, acts primarily at the distal tubule to increase sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion, and ultimately water reabsorption to increase blood pressure. The distal tubule absorbs Na⁺ and Ca²⁺, not HCO₃^-. 

The loop of Henle is a U-shaped structure found in the nephron. Its main function is to reabsorb water and essential solutes. Reabsorption is the process by which nutrients and water are transported from the filtrate back into the body.

The loop of Henle contains two parts: the descending limb and the ascending limb. The descending limb functions to reabsorb water, whereas the ascending limb functions to reabsorb sodium and chloride ions. The question states that filtrate in location A has a higher solute concentration. This means that filtrate in location A has more solutes (or less water) than filtrate in location B. Since the descending limb only reabsorbs water, the filtrate concentration is higher in the descending loop; water is removed without solute being able to follow. Location A would be the descending limp of the loop of Henle because it reabsorbs water and increases the solute concentration of the filtrate.

Concentration decreases in the ascending limb when ions are pumped out of the filtrate, removing solute.

The adrenal gland is situated superior to the kidney, and is responsible for the production of several key hormones.

One such hormone is cortisol. Cortisol is often released when an individual is highly stressed over an extended period. It is a steroid hormone that functions to increase blood glucose levels by inducing gluconeogenesis, the process that converts glycogen stores in the liver to glucose. Cortisol is released from cells in the adrenal cortex. Recall that the adrenal cortex is the outer portion of the gland, whereas the adrenal medulla is the inner portion of the gland.

Aldosterone is another hormone that is released by cells in the adrenal cortex, and is essential for sodium reabsorption in the kidney. Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla in response to stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system.

Recall that the renal medulla is the inner portion of the kidney. A nephron spans both the renal cortex and the renal medulla. Structures such as the glomerulus (capillary bed), Bowman's capsule, and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules are found in the renal cortex, whereas the loop of Henle is found in the renal medulla. The collecting duct (the structure that transports urine to the renal pelvis) spans both the renal cortex and the renal medulla.

As mentioned above, distal tubules are found in the renal medulla and function to reabsorb sodium ions. Reabsorption of sodium ions inside the nephron (for example in the distal tubules) is facilitated by the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that is produced in glands inside the adrenal cortex (in the adrenal gland, rather than the kidney).

A nephron is the functional unit of kidneys. It is the site of filtration, secretion, and reabsorption (processes essential for urine production).

Nephrons contain several structures that facilitate the proper excretion of waste through urine. A nephron contains structures that are found in both the adrenal medulla (inner region) and the adrenal cortex (outer region) of the kidneys; therefore, a single nephron spans both the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex. The first step in urine production occurs at the capillary beds of nephrons. Blood arrives at these capillary beds, known as the glomerulus, and initiates filtration. Filtration is the process by which potential waste products in the blood are filtered into the nephron, where they will ultimately become urine.

Remember that nephrons are the site of urine production; they do not store the urine. Once complete, urine exits the kidneys and is stored in the bladder. The bladder stores urine until it reaches the maximum capacity, causing smooth muscle around the organ to stretch. Once this maximum is reached the individual feels the urge to urinate, and the urine is excreted via the urethra.

The renal pelvis (hollow structure within the kidney) narrows to become the ureter, which leads to the bladder.

The loop of Henle descends into the medulla before ascending back into the cortex. The collecting duct, which ends the nephron, extends into the medulla.

The visceral layer of Bowman's capsule is permeable to small blood solutes. Blood cells and most macromolecules remain in the blood stream.

One answer choice is nearly correct: "Glucose, water, and ions permeate the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule to enter the blood vessels of the glomerulus." While these solutes do in fact permeate the membrane, they exit the blood vessels of the glomerulus to enter Bowman's capsule.