It is important to remember that these nutrients go through the liver before entering the general circulation. Amino acids and carbohydrates are absorbed through the intestine's epithelial cells into the hepatic portal circulation, then to the liver, through the inferior vena cava, and finally into the heart. From the heart, these nutrients are pumped from the left ventricle to the rest of the body's tissues.

Of the available answer choices, we would expect blood pressure to be the highest in the arterioles because they are closest to the aorta and major arteries, from where blood is directly pumped. Of the choices blood pressure is greatest in the arterioles and lowest in the veins.

Note that overall blood pressure is highest in the aorta, however the question specifies that we are only looking a a select portion of answers.

Veins and venules hold approximately 65% of blood in the body at rest. Because of their large luminal diameters, veins are capable to storing much of blood in the human body.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart and have thick, elastic layers that allow for build up of high pressures due to high volume flow. Capillaries are the smallest vessels in the body, and act to facilitate exchange of gas, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues. 

Once blood enters the left ventricle, the left ventricle contracts and pushes blood out of the heart into the aorta. The contraction of the left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta at a fast velocity. Blood velocity becomes slower as it reaches the capillaries and then speeds up again in the veins. Veins must use valves to pump blood against gravity, and therefore does not move blood as quickly as the aorta. The aorta is the best answer.

The circulatory system follows both the systemic and pulmonary circuits. Deoxygenated blood is returned from the systemic circuit through the vena cavae into the right atrium. It then goes into the right ventricle after passing through the tricuspid valve. From the right ventricle it enters the pulmonary circuit through the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, where it gets oxygenated. From the lungs it goes through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. From the left atrium it goes into the left ventricle through the mitral valve, and is returned to the systemic circuit through the aorta.

Deoxygenated blood would be found in mostly in systemic veins, including the vena cavae, pulmonary arteries, and the right side of the heart. Oxygenated blood would be found in systemic arteries, such as the femoral artery, pulmonary veins, and the left side of the heart.

Arteries and arterioles have smooth muscle surrounding their endothelial walls that allows vasoconstrictors, such as angiotensin II or epinephrine, to increase blood pressure. Veins and venules may have limited constrictive abilities due to small amounts of smooth muscle interaction, but their effects on blood pressure are extremely small compared to those exerted by arteries and arterioles. Capillaries do not have smooth muscle, and are comprised of a singular layer of endothelial cells.

It is important to understand the relative sizes of the vessels through which blood flows. After exiting the heart from the left ventricle, the blood enters the aorta, the largest artery. The blood then flows into smaller arterioles, into capillaries, back into venules, and eventually into the vena cavae, which return the blood to the heart.

The larger veins contain the largest volume of blood because they are the most distensible, meaning they can stretch to accommodate large volume. Arteries and arterioles are hampered by the smooth muscle surrounding them. Veins contain about 64% of the circulating blood, acting as blood reservoirs. Blood is constantly pushed through the arteries and arterioles from the pumping heart, but the pulse does not have a large effect on the veins. The veins instead rely on the actions of shunts to help return slow-flowing blood to the heart. The combination of slow blood flow and vessel flexibility allow the veins to store large blood volumes.

The smooth muscle that surrounds arteries and arterioles constricts when acted upon by sympathetic nervous stimulation (alpha-adrenergic receptors) and by the tyrosine-based hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are produced and secreted from the adrenal medulla.

Beta-adrenergic receptors, in contrast, promote smooth muscle relaxation.

The hydrostatic pressure becomes much lower as blood travels through capillary beds. This is because the fluid pressue lessens as fluid leaves the inside of the capillaries and is forced into the interstitial fluid. The oncotic presssure remains relatively constant, since proteins are large and do not readily move across vessel walls. As fluids exit the capillary, the concentration of proteins within the vessel increases.