A blastula is a sphere of cells (blastomeres) surrounding a fluid blastocoele. The blastula stage of embryogenesis begins with the appearance of the blastocoel. The blastocoel is a fluid filled cavity that contains amino acids, proteins, growth factors, and other components neccessary for cellular differentiation. The blastocoel allows blastomeres to move during gastrulation.

A morula is a solid ball of cells within the zona pellucida and is a precursor to the blastula.

Oxygen diffuses from maternal blood to fetal blood through the placenta. Within the womb, the lungs are not able to work properly and so blood is rerouted through the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus. The liver is also underdeveloped, and not ready to perform the functions it will do in adulthood. The placenta takes over for the liver during gestation, and so blood is shunted away from the liver by the ductus venosus. This prevents oxygen that could be useful in other places from being wasted in the liver.

The ductus arteriosus shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta in order to bypass the lungs, since the fetal lungs are not active.

The foramen ovale shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium, serving as another method to bypass the lungs. The ductus venosus shunts blood away from the fetal liver. There is no shunt from the aorta to the pulmonary artery, and there is no shunt from the left atrium to the right atrium.

Erythroblastosis fetalis is a rare conditon in which the mother's anti-Rh antibodies enter the fetal bloodstream and attach to fetal erythrocytes. If not caught, it can result in "blue-baby syndrome." Erythroblastosis is only present in patients negative for the Rh factor, and carrying Rh positive fetuses. 

A pregnancy consists of three trimesters, each of which is approximately 12 weeks. The fetus's heart, brain, spinal cord, and other organs begin to form in approximately the fifth week of pregnancy—in the first trimester.

The mesoderm gives rise to the muscles among other structures. The other answers are derived from the ectoderm or endoderm.

Many of the glandular structures—both exocrine and endocrine—arise from endoderm. In particular, both the thyroid and parathyroid glands bud off from the pharyngeal mucosa, which of course is endodermal in character. Of course, like all tissues, there are mesodermal components of the gland in the way of connective tissues and blood vessels. The response indicating a mesodermal component invites you to make a wrong selection because you could remember that there are mesodermal-derived tissues everywhere, but you could not specifically recall the origin of the thyroid tissue, itself.  

The correct answer is cytoderm.

There are three major germ layers formed during gastrulation: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Major structures form from these germ layers over the course of embryogenesis and development.

Gastrulation is the formation of the three layers of the embryo: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the digestive system and respiratory system. A defect in these tissues suggests a problem of that germ layer during development. The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system and epidermis. The mesoderm gives rise to the muscle and skeletal systems.

The three embryonic germ layers are the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The mesoderm gives rise to bone, muscle, the urinary system, and the kidneys. Ectoderm develops into the nervous system, dermis, hair, nails, eyes, and ears. The endoderm develops into the lining of internal organs, such as the lungs and the gastrointestinal tract. The notochord is not an embryonic layer and, like the kidneys, arises from the mesoderm.