The contrast between nouns and verbs is here being expressed as a matter of implying (or not implying) “past, present, or future.” Something is called “temporal” when it is related to time. In older speech, people would speak of “temporal” matters in opposition to “spiritual” ones (that would be “after or outside of time”). The word is related to other time-related words like “temporary” and “extemporaneous.”

The key work for the contrast here is “enduring.” In opposition to “enduring,” one could speak of “passing” things. When something is “temporary,” it only lasts for a “time” and is, therefore, not permanent. (Sometimes, people speak of “temporary employment,” which is the state of being employed only for a limited, contracted time.) The word “temporary” is related to other time-related words such as “temporal” and “extemporaneous.”

The key expression “extreme inflation” indicates that the prices greatly increased. “Inflation” occurs when the money supply increases, causing prices to shift upward. The adjective “astronomically” most properly means “relating to the stars” (as in “astrology” or “astronomy”). It can likewise be used in a metaphoric sense to mean “going as high as the stars” or “in a great amount.”

We can infer that because Jason's creative writing piece was full of overused sayings, we need to pick out a word that means something like "overused" to describe those sayings. Neither "authentic" nor "novel" will do, because each of those words is an antonym to "overused." "Trite" is an adjective that is used of a remark, opinion, or idea and means "overused and consequently of little import; lacking originality or freshness," and because it is the answer choice that best suits the sentence's context, "trite" is the correct answer.

From the sentence's context, we can tell that we need to pick out an adjective that can describe a position of someone who is "face-down," "flat," and "on the floor." Neither "asleep" nor "weak" works given that the sentence's subject "quickly [gets] up" when he sees he has company. "Prone," an adjective that can mean "lying flat, especially face downward," is the best answer choice because it is best suited to the sentence's context.

We can infer from the sentence's context that we need to pick out an adjective that can describe an area that is free of bacteria and microorganisms. "Dirty" cannot be the correct answer because it is an antonym of "free of bacteria and microorganisms." However, "sterile" is an adjective that means " free from bacteria or other living microorganisms; totally clean," and because it best fits the context of the sentence, it is the correct answer.

We can infer that Louis must have been in a bad mood when he had to cancel the plans for the picnic that he had been "looking forward to for weeks," so we need to pick out an adjective for the blank that means something like "snappish" or "in a bad mood." "Polite" cannot be the correct answer because someone who is "snappish" ("irritable and curt") isn't likely to be polite simultaneously. "Morose," however, is an adjective that means "sullen and ill-tempered," and because it best fits the context of the sentence, it is the correct answer.

The key expression to note is “rarely feeling the need to develop his positions.” Since Edward did not feel challenged but instead “remained the same,” he could be said to “stagnate.” The word literally applies to bodies of air or water that do not have any movement in them (like a pond that is still and becomes scum-covered). However, it can be metaphorically used to describe a person who does not have much change in ideas or positions (as though there is were no intellectual “inflow” or “outflow”).

William’s desire to retire early apparently is leading him to take every possible measure to make the process occur more quickly. We might even say that he is attempting to “expedite” the process, meaning he is trying to make it occur more quickly. Since he is unconcerned with how his actions might harm others, he is taking all “expedient” measures. The word is related “expedite,” though it means “convenient” often as a means to reaching a goal. It generally has the negative connotation of willingness to do so at the expense of others.

The key word in the first sentence is “distant.” The construction (using the word “nevertheless”) indicates that there is an opposition between the two independent clauses. Since the pronoun “ones” refers back to “causes,” the option “proximate” provides the best adjectival opposite. The word “proximate” means “close” (as opposed to “distant”). It comes from the Latin for “nearest to” and is found in the English “proximity” as well.