Human Anatomy and Physiology : Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
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Example Questions
Example Question #7 : Help With Evaluation Methods For The Heart
Which of the following would warrant the most investigation by a health care professional?
Resting heart rate = 45 bpm, patient is an endurance athlete
Resting heart rate = 65 bpm, patient is not an endurance athlete
Resting heart rate = 65 bpm, patient is an endurance athlete
Resting heart rate = 45bpm, patient is not an endurance athlete
Resting heart rate = 60 bpm, patient is an endurance athlete
Resting heart rate = 45bpm, patient is not an endurance athlete
Bradycardia is defined as heart rate <60 bpm. In an endurance athlete, there tends to be higher stroke volume/higher vagal tone, so it is typical for an endurance athlete to have a resting heart rate below 60 and still meet normal cardiac output. It a non-endurance athlete, a resting heart rate of 45 bpm may warrant some investigation.
Example Question #8 : Help With Evaluation Methods For The Heart
Which of the following would be characteristic of congestive heart failure?
Ejection fraction <55%
Ejection fraction < 60%
Ejection fraction < 40%
Ejection fraction < 50%
Ejection fraction < 45%
Ejection fraction < 40%
Ejection fraction is a measurement of how much blood blood the ventricles pump out with each contraction as a fraction of the end-diastolic volume. Mathematically, this is (stroke volume) divided by (end-diastolic volume). In congestive heart failure, the heart is weakened and quivers, and it has a hard time pumping blood out. An ejection fraction (EF) < 40% may be evidence of congestive heart failure.
Example Question #1 : Help With Evaluation Methods For The Circulatory System
Which of the following is not measured using an arterial blood gas (ABG) test?
Blood pH
Oxygen saturation (O2Sat)
Partial pressure of oxygen
Bicarbonate (HCO3)
Hematocrit
Hematocrit
Arterial blood gas (ABG) is a test that measures various capacities of gases to enter or exit the bloodstream, the saturation of oxygen in the blood, and materials involved in maintaining the pH level of blood. It is widely considered one of the most useful diagnostic tools for a host of circulatory conditions, and is a standard procedure for many hospital stays.
Hematocrit cannot be measured by an arterial blood gas test.
Example Question #2 : Help With Evaluation Methods For The Circulatory System
What percentage of blood is plasma?
75
55
15
95
35
55
Blood is around 55% plasma, 45% erythrocytes (red blood cells), and less than 1% of leukocytes and platelets.
Example Question #1 : Help With Evaluation Methods For The Respiratory System
Which of the following is not typically used as part of a pulmonary function test (spirometric test)?
Laryngoscope
Body plethysmograph
Nitrogen balloon or Nitro bulb
Tracer gas
Inhaler
Laryngoscope
Pulmonary function tests or spirometric tests are tests designed to measure a host of breathing functions. Since values vary depending on body position, time of day, and other factors, most metrics have a high tolerance for variance and typically require a person to score below 80% or above 120% of their expected values before a result is considered "abnormal". These tests are most often employed diagnostically, but may also be used to check up on the progress of a treatment program.
A laryngoscope is used to view the larynx and epiglottis, but does not provide quantitative functional data.
Example Question #2 : Help With Evaluation Methods For The Respiratory System
Which of the following measurements is not typically taken during a pulmonary function test (spirometric test)?
Total lung capacity (TLC)
Oxygen saturation (O2Sat)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Residual volume (RV)
Forced expiratory flow
Oxygen saturation (O2Sat)
Spirometric tests typically measure between 10-20 metrics of respiratory health, including airflow, intake/outtake, and total volume. Oxygen saturation is a measure of the blood's ability to bond oxygen to hemoglobin, and is typically measured during one or more blood tests.
Example Question #1574 : Human Anatomy And Physiology
When one interprets images or performs a physical exam, what landmark can be used to determine the level of the carina (division point of trachea)?
T5/T6 intervertebral disk level
Sternum
None of these
4th-5th intercostal space
T4/T5 intervertebral disk level
T4/T5 intervertebral disk level
The carina seems to be consistently located between the T4/T5 intervertebral disk level in most people. These vertebral levels are used as landmarks to identify the carina and, consequently, the trachea above it and the left and right primary bronchi below it.
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