"Hydrogen" is an "element," whereas "water" is a "molecule."

"Bovine" refers to a "cow," while "porcine" refers to a "pig."

"Coffee" is produced from a "bean" whereas "tea" comes from "leaves."

"Neon" is a type of elemental "gas," just as "titanium" is a type of "metal."

An "aspen" is a type of "tree," just as a "tulip" is a type of "flower."

You have likely heard the expression “flora and fauna,” meaning something like animals and plants (in a given area). The word “flora” is a bit more obvious that “fauna” since it is related to “flower,” which clearly brings to mind plants. A “poppy” is a type of flower, thus a member of the class of “flora.” Now, a tabletop is literally (and this is important) the top of the table—that is what is indicated by the word. This is important because a tabletop itself is not a member of the general class "furniture" as it is a type of surface. A bridge sentence can help to bring this out: “Just as poppies are types of flora, so too are tabletops types of surfaces.”

A tent is a type of shelter, so the answer to this question will need to say what type of “thing” a lieutenant is. The bridge sentence could be constructed, “As a tent is a type of shelter, so is a lieutenant a type of X.” The only option that suffices is “officer.” The option “commissioned” might be tempting, as you are likely thinking “commissioned officer"; however, by itself, “commissioned” does not suffice to name a group. It is not sufficient to say, “A lieutenant is a commissioned . . .” You need to add to this a noun to explain what kind of commissioned thing he is. Note that if you were to read the analogy as, “just as a tent is used for sheltering, so is a lieutenant used for X,” there would be no option that fits. This indicates that the analogy must be read in the first way outlined above. (The option “saluted” does not work, as a lieutenant is not used for the sake of being saluted—even though it is quite proper to salute such a person).

While very simple seeming, this analogy does link the terms, namely by a member-to-class relationship. As stools are types of furniture, so are hammers types of tools. The other options among the answers are related to hammers—what they do, who uses them, of in other ways; however, none of the other options relates to “hammer” as a general class as “furniture” does to “stool.”

In its original usage, the word “manuscript” indicated a type of text written by hand. (The “manu-” portion is related to the word “manual,” which means related to the use of hands—think of “manual labor.” The “-script” portion is related not only to “script” but to “scribe,” “subscription,” and other such words). We now use the word to describe an unpublished version of an author’s work, e.g. the “manuscript” of a soon-to-be-published novel that is still being edited. “Manuscript” is related to “text” as a member to a class, as though to say, “as a manuscript is a type of text, so is an apartment a type of X.” While the word “loft” might seem appropriate, it is at best the opposite of what you need (if not totally unrelated). A “loft apartment” is a type of apartment—an apartment is not a type of loft! The best option, as simple as it might seem, is “housing,” for an apartment is a type of housing.

Primates are the general class of monkeys, apes, humans, and so forth into which we can include orangutans. Thus, we have a case of a specific type being related to its general class. You could think of your bridge sentence as being something like, “As orangutans are types of primates, so are pediatricians types of X.” The only relevant general category offered among your options is “doctor.”