The formula for torque is:

If the force applied remains the same, then that means that the torque and the lever arm are directly proportional: when one increases the other increases as well. The length of the lever arm, in this problem, is the length of the wrench; thus, increasing the length of the wrench will increase the amount of torque generated, without requiring a change in the force applied.

The correct answer is centripetal force. In a free body diagram, this is the force that would be directed towards the center of the circular path; in circular motion, acceleration and net force are always in this direction.

Normal force and weight act perpendicular to the line that is directed towards the center of the circle, and will not prevent the car from traveling off the circular path. Momentum is not a measure of force and is not particularly relevant to this question. 

In circular motion, velocity is tangential to the circular path. Since the object is moving counterclockwise, at the top of the circle this tangent line points to the left. It may help to draw a diagram to better visualize this motion.

Knowns

 revolutions per second which needs to be converted to 

We are dealing with circular motion so the first thing to do is to identify the force that is causing the centripetal motion.  In this case it is the normal force of the wall that is turning the person toward the center.  The force of gravity is pulling the person down and the friction force is what is counteracting the force of gravity keeping the person from falling down.

The centripetal force is equal to the mass times the centripetal acceleration.

To calculate the centripetal acceleration you will need to know the velocity of the person and the radius that the person is at.

Therefore 

We will now need to use the frictional force to get a relationship that will help us solve for the normal force.

Since the force of gravity is equal to the frictional force

The force of gravity is equal to the object’s mass times the acceleration due to gravity

We can rearrange this equation for normal force by itself

We can now put this all together

Notice that mass falls out of both sides of the equation

We can now solve for the coefficient of friction

We can now plug in our known variables.

Knowns

 (need to convert to )

The first thing to do is determine the magnitude of the centripetal force acting on the car.

Next we need to determine if the component of the normal force that contributes to the centripetal acceleration is equal to, greater than or less than this value.

This number is less than the magnitude of the centripetal force acting on the car meaning that there is friction involved pointing down the slope to help keep the car moving around the circle.

Centripetal acceleration is the acceleration towards the center when an object is moving in a circle. Though the speed may be constant, the change in direction results in a non-zero acceleration.

The formula for this is , where  is the perceived tangential velocity and  is the radius of the circle.

Plug in the given values and solve for the acceleration.

Centripetal force is the force that constantly moves the object towards the center; it is what keeps the object moving in a circle rather than flying off tangentially to the circle.

The formula for force is 

To find the centripetal force, we need to find the centripetal acceleration. We do this with the formula , where v is the perceived tangential velocity and r is the radius of the circle.

Plug in the given values and solve for the acceleration.

Plug the acceleration and given mass into the first equation to solve for force.

At the top of the roller coaster the minimum force that is applied is the gravitational force pulling the passengers down.  Therefore the centripetal force at the top of the coaster is caused by the force of gravity.

We know that the centripetal force is equal to the centripetal acceleration times the mass.

To calculate the centripetal acceleration you will need to know the velocity of the roller coaster and the radius that the coaster is at.

Therefore 

We also know that the force of gravity is equal to mass times the acceleration due to gravity.

Putting this together we get 

Notice that mass falls out of both sides of the equation

We can now solve for the velocity by itself

Plug in our values

The correct answer is centripetal force. In a free body diagram, this is the force that would be directed towards the center of the circular path; in circular motion, acceleration and net force are always in this direction.

Normal force and weight act perpendicular to the line that is directed towards the center of the circle, and will not prevent the car from traveling off the circular path. Momentum is not a measure of force and is not particularly relevant to this question.

Known

 which should be converted to meters ()

 which should be converted to 

We are dealing with circular motion so the first thing to do is to identify the force that is causing the centripetal motion.  In this case it is the force of friction which is holding the penny in place.  Therefore we know that the centripetal force is equal to the force of friction.

The centripetal force is equal to the mass times the centripetal acceleration.

To calculate the centripetal acceleration you will need to know the velocity of the penny and the radius that the penny sits at.

Therefore  

We also know that the frictional force is related to the coefficient of friction and the normal force.

In this case the penny is sitting on the surface and the gravitational force is equal in size to the normal force.  Therefore 

The force of gravity is equal to the mass times the gravitational acceleration.

We can put all this together to a larger equation that says that

Notice that mass falls out of both sides of the equation

We can now rearrange and solve for the coefficient of friction

Now we can plug in our known values