The three structural regions of the neuron include the cell body (or soma), dendrites, and axon. The dendrites receive electrical inputs and stimulation and transfer incoming information to the cell body, or soma. Signals accumulate in the soma before triggering the threshold for conducting an action potential down the axon. The axon then interfaces with the dendrites of another neuron, or with the membrane of a neighboring muscle cell.

Cell walls are not found in human cells, including neurons. Though flagella can be found in certain human cells and somewhat resembles the long, narrow structure of an axon, the two are functionally very different. Neurons do not have flagella.

The cell body (or soma) contains the nucleus of the neuron, as well as other organelles. Most basic cell processes, such as transcription and translation, take place in the cell body. For example, ribosomes synthesize neurotransmitters in the cell body. The neurotransmitters are then packaged in vesicles and transported to the axon terminal.

The axon of the neuron is responsible for conveying electrical signals away from the cell body, while the dendrites convey electrical signals toward the cell body. The axon terminal is located most distal from the cell body and marks the end of the axon. Neurotransmitters are stored and released from the axon terminal. The synapse is not technically a part of the neuron structure, but is instead the small space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another.

The axon is the long extension of the nerve cell body that transmits nerve impulses to other cells. Neurotransmitters are stored at the end of the axon and released into the synapse to communicate with other neurons and cells.

Dendrites are generally not as long as axons, and are responsible for receiving the nerve impulses rather than transmitting them. Flagella are not related to nerve cells, as nerve cells do not need to travel from one place to another and have no use for motility. Action potentials are the electrical signals that travel down the axons from the cell body to the axon terminal. The synapse is the space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another.

The cauda equina is the batch of spinal nerves that run down through the inferior end of the vertebral column. It is located in the area of the lumbar vertebral column. Cervical and thoracic nerves are located toward the upper part of the vertebral column. The dura mater is the connective tissue covering that surrounds the central nervous system. Cranial nerves come off the brain, and are part of the central nervous system.

The olfactory nerve is the first of 12 cranial nerves and is associated with a sense of smell. The optic nerve is associated with vision, the trigeminal nerve is associated with sensation of the head and face, and the facial nerve is associated with control of the facial muscles.

The vast majority of neurons are myelinated (by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system) in order to allow for saltatory conduction, which greatly increases conduction speed. This occurs as the action potential "leaps" from one node of Ranvier to the next node of Ranvier rather than having to pass down the entire length of the axon. 

The soma is the cell body of the neuron (D). The soma is the site of neuron metabolism and protein synthesis.

The dendrites of the neuron (A) receive incoming action potential signals. The axon (B) sends the action potential outward from the soma to the axon terminal (C). Vesicles of neurotransmitter are released from the axon terminal to the dendrites of other nearby neurons. Neurons can have numerous dendrites, but will only have one soma and one axon.

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for stress responses, while the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for resting responses. The sympathetic nervous system causes increased heart rate, pupil dilation, suppressed digestion, inhibited salivation, and dilated bronchi.

The most basic anatomy for a neuron involves three structures: a soma, a dendrite, and an axon. The dendrite receives an electrical impulse and sends it to the cell body, or soma. The axon will then send the action potential towards its synapse with another neuron. The axon hillock is a wider region of the axon where the soma and axon join together.

While every neuron will have only one soma and one axon, some neurons have several dendrites. This means that a neuron can receive information from several different locations through different dendrites, but can only send it in one direction along the single axon.

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "rest and digest" functions of the body. The sympathetic nervous system is associated with "fight or flight" responses in the body. Increased blood flow to skeletal muscles is a common result of the sympathetic nervous system being stimulated, not the parasympathetic nervous system.