Due to the fact that the blue beetles are toxic to the birds that prey on them, the birds will likely start to avoid the blue beetles and only eat the green ones. In this manner, natural selection selects against the green beetles and for the adaptations of the blue beetles. As a result, more blue beetles will survive and reproduce. Over time, this will lead to a population beetles that are mainly blue and toxic.

Stabilizing selection occurs when the individuals on both phenotypic extremes are selected against. In this case, individuals that are smaller or larger than the average possess a fitness disadvantage. THis scenario would result in stabilizing selection.

Eukaryota is one of the three phylogenetic domains, with the remaining two being Bacteria and Archaea. Eukaryota contains all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Bacteria and Archaea both contain only prokaryotic organisms, but have certain distinguishing features.

The hierarchy of phylogenetic classification is domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. There are six kingdoms: Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia. Humans are in the domain Eukaryota, under the kingdom Animalia.

The most inclusive hierarchical category is domain. There are three domains, which include all forms of life: bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota. The least inclusive, and thus most specific, category is species. This means that two organisms that are the same species are more evolutionarily related than two organisms that are part of the same genus.

In order, the hierarchy of biological classification is: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

The point where two branches meet on a phylogenic tree represents a species that is a common ancestor of all the "branch" species that meet at that point. The branching represents the development of new species. One thing to remember is that phylogenetic trees do not depict generations like a pedigree or family tree does.

A phylogenetic tree presents data about which species developed from common ancestors. Phylogenetic trees can be used to infer how closely related various extant species are; however, phylogenetic trees do not include any data about predator-prey relationships.

To determine a sister relationship, we need to determine a characteristic that is shared only between the two taxa A and B. Wings is the correct answer because it is the only characteristic that is shared by only taxa A and B. Feathers is a characteristic that is only present in taxon A. Tail is shared between all the taxa and horn is shared between all taxa A-E

Speciation usually relies on the isolation (either geographical or reproductive) of a group of individuals. The coconut example would be unlikely to lead to speciation due to the fact that that it is only one coconut. If many coconuts arrived, then it would be much more likely.

Allopatric speciation occurs when organisms become separated by a geographical barrier. Over time, distinct species develop due to the separation of the original population.

Sympatric speciation occurs when organisms evolve into distinct species over time in a single location due to specialization and natural selection.

Peripatric speciation is a type of allopatric speciation in which a small part of a population is separated from the main population and evolves in isolation. The founder effect is often observable in the separated population.

Orthopatric is not a type of speciation, so it is the correct answer.

Speciation involves events causing the creation of a new species. Therefore, the separation of the two groups of arabidopsis caused an allopatric speciation event to occur given that the two populations could no longer cross breed. Adaptive radiation involves the rapid diversification of characteristics of a species, which may lead to speciation over time. Artificial speciation involves humans directly influencing allele frequencies. For example, deliberately continuously crossing the largest pigs in a farm to increase the average weight of the pigs.