High School Biology : Cellular Differences
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Example Question #1 : Understanding Plant Cell Differences
Which of the following is not an extracellular structure in a plant cell?
Middle lamella
Pectin
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
Plant cells contain chloroplasts and are surrounded by a cell wall. Pectin is a carbohydrate found in the cell wall outside of the cell. The middle lamella is a structure composed of pectin and is used to hold adjacent cell walls together, similar to the action of a desmosome.
Chloroplasts are the only option that is located within the cytosol of the plant cell.
Example Question #1 : Understanding Plant Cell Differences
Which of the following is present in plant and fungal cells, but not in animal cells?
Chloroplast
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
Both plant cells and fungal cells have cell walls; animal cells do not. Plant cells have chloroplasts, but neither fungal cells nor animal cells do. Fungal, plant and animal cells all have plasma membranes and mitochondria.
Example Question #3 : Understanding Plant Cell Differences
Which of the following characteristics is not true for animal cells?
Desmosomes fasten cells together
The extracellular matrix functions in support, adhesion, movement, and regulation between cells
Gap junctions allow for communication between cells
Plasmodesmata allow for communication and eschange of materials between cells
Tight junctions hold cells together, restricting the passage of materials
Plasmodesmata allow for communication and eschange of materials between cells
All of the options are true for animal cells except for the existence of plasmodesmata, which are found in plant cells. Plasmodesmata are small gaps in the cell walls. They are like gap junctions in animal cells, allowing for communication between cells and the exchange of minerals throughout the plant.
Example Question #1 : Understanding Plant Cell Differences
Which of the following best explains why salad sometimes appears wilted instead of fresh and crisp after being doused in salad dressing?
The turgor pressure remains the same
None of these
The vacuole has shrunk due to being in a hypertonic solution
The vacuole swells in a hypertonic solution
The vacuole has shrunk due to being in a hypotonic solution
The vacuole has shrunk due to being in a hypertonic solution
Hypertonicity and hypotonicity are both relative terms. A hypertonic solution has more dissolved solutes than the cell that is submerged within it. In other words the solution has less water than the cell in the solution. A hypotonic solution is one that has less dissolved solutes (i.e. more water) than the cell or membrane within it. Water follows its concentration gradient: it flows to where it is least concentrated.
A plant's vacuole is a large membrane bound compartment within the cell that plays a structural role when it has the proper turgor pressure. It is also used as storage for various molecules. Salad generally becomes wilted in salad dressing—or other liquids with many dissolved solutes—because the water in the plant cells tends to flow outward or down its concentration gradient. Hence the salad leaves wilt because they are in a hypertonic solution. In other words, there are more dissolved solutes and non-water molecules outside the cells than there are inside. In terms of water, there is less water outside the cell than in it and so the water flows down its concentration gradient and out of the cell to equalize the gradient. This causes the vacuole to shrink, which reduces pressure on the cell wall and gives the wilted appearance.
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