Endocytosis is the process of a cell receiving the contents of a vesicle. The vesicle will fuse with the cell membrane and release its contents into the cytoplasm for cellular use.

In contrast, exocytosis is the release of compounds from a cell via vesicle transport. Vesicles are formed at the Golgi apparatus and transported through the cytoplasm to fuse with the cell membrane, where the contents are released into the extracellular space. Transport vesicles can also be formed to contain and carry molecules away from the cell.

The plasma membrane engulfing particles to enter the cell would be an example of pinocytosis, and the conversion of light and carbon dioxide to carbohydrate and oxygen is the process of photosynthesis.

The correct answer is phagocytosis. Phagocytosis involves the engulfing of an external particle to form a phagosome (a vesicle inside the cell). This process differs from pinocytosis in that pinocyotsis refers to the engulfing of liquids from the environment. Phagocytosis is a specific form of endocytosis; thus, phagocytosis is the better answer as endocyotsis can also describe processes such as pinocytosis. Diffusion and Active Transport both do not relate to the phenomenon as no concentration gradient is in place. 

Ligands bind to receptors, which cause conformational changes and various effects on the cell. Integral membrane proteins span the lipid bilayer. These proteins commonly act as receptors and bind to ligands to produce conformation changes. They cannot leave the lipid bilayer, and thus are never ligands that can bind to other receptors.

Ligands are generally small ions or molecules, such as glucose or triglycerides. Calcium ions act as second messenger ligands in signal transduction. Steroid hormones, like testosterone, bind to proteins in the nucleus to alter transcription patterns. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on dendrites to cause action potential propagation. Inhibitors can bind to receptors to block other ligands from interacting.

Ligands and receptors are both usually proteins. Since proteins can fold into a wide variety of shapes, the receptor-ligand interaction is very specific. In some cases, certain receptors will bind two ligands that are similar in structure. For example, hemoglobin binds to both  and , but binds  with much higher affinity. Ligands bind receptors using only weak bonds (hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces). Depending on the nature of the ligand (whether it can cross the lipid bilayer or not), its receptor may be either on the cell's surface, floating in the cytoplasm, or on the nuclear membrane.

In biochemistry, ligands are any substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose. The four primary types of ligands have their functional state determined by their three-dimensional chemical conformation. Tracers in the body often take the form of radioligands, but are not ligands themselves.

Chemotaxis refers to the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus. Single or multicellular organisms may direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. This is important because these organisms need to find food, flee from harmful substances, and chemotaxis also aids in development. Positive chemotaxis is movement towards a higher concentration of the chemical, whereas negative chemotaxis is movement away from the chemical.  

Glycolysis (the process of breaking down glucose) takes place in the cytoplasm, or cytosol—the aqueous portion of the cytoplasm. It is in the cytoplasm where the enzymes required for glycolysis are found.

The citric acid cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, and the electron transport chain takes place along the inner mitochondrial membrane in order to pump protons into the intermembrane space.

The addition and removal of phosphate groups can serve critical functions in the regulation of protein activity. The binding or uncoupling of phosphate groups frequently serves to activate or deactivate proteins.

A kinase is an enzyme that phosphorylates—or adds a phosphate group to—its ligand.

A phosphatase removes a phosphate group from its ligand.

Several different types of proteins can change the structure of a ligand, such as isomerases, and ubiquitin ligases add ubiquitin to their ligands.

The addition and removal of phosphate groups can serve critical functions in the regulation of protein activity. The binding or uncoupling of phosphate groups frequently serves to activate or deactivate proteins.

A phosphatase removes a phosphate group from its ligand.

A kinase is an enzyme that phosphorylates—or adds a phosphate group to—its ligand.

Several different types of proteins can change the structure of a ligand, such as isomerases, and ubiquitin ligases add ubiquitin to their ligands.

Ubiquitin ligases add ubiquitin to their ligands. The addition of ubiquitin acts as a signal that a protein has become ineffective and is ready for degradation. When multiple ubiquitin residues have been added to a protein molecule, it is transported to the lysosome in the cell to be digested.

A phosphatase removes a phosphate group from its ligand.

A kinase is an enzyme that phosphorylates—or adds a phosphate group to—its ligand.

The addition and removal of phosphate groups can serve critical functions in the regulation of protein activity. The binding or uncoupling of phosphate groups frequently serves to activate or deactivate proteins.

Several different types of proteins can change the structure of a ligand, such as isomerases.