An "iconoclast" is a person who destroys religious imagery or attacks established beliefs. The word comes from Middle Greek and literally means "image-destroyer" (from "eikono," image, and "klan," to break). To "purge" means to cause a removal, often of a defiling or unwanted substance. Many individuals involved in the Protestant Reformation took issue with the use of religious icons, and in some cases caused their removal or destruction.

For this question, let's start with the first blank. Based on the first clause of this sentence, both "respected" (admired) and "replicated" (copied) make sense. It is what comes after the semicolon that can help you answer this question, as it notes that "many adaptations exist" and they are "just slightly tweaked." Therefore, "replicated" is a more exact word to put in this blank, as the sentence explicitly states that many near-copies exist.  

The second blank counts on text logic, as well. The final clause of the sentence is dependent on the idea of "adaptations", to which the word that goes in the second blank needs to refer directly. Looking at the answer choices, the clear choice is "editions" (versions), and not "edifices" (buildings). This makes the correct answer "replicated . . . editions."

The word "hid" implies that Peter John Olivi did not want his writings to be known for what they are. Therefore, he sought to hide his real meaning or to conceal it. The verb "to obscure" means just that—to conceal or attempt to hide. It comes from the Latin for "dark." When we use "obscure" as an adjective, it means difficult to understand. Such things are difficult because they are "shaded" from being seen in their full light. Peter looked conceal what he really intended to say. That is, for the second blank, he is hiding his real "intentions."

The best clue for this sentence is "such flattery." This indicates that the action described in the first blank is a kind of flattering action. This helps to eliminate the somewhat tempting option "dote," which means to be very fond of someone without making any critique of any flaws he or she might have. To "fawn," however, is precisely to show flattery in a very open way. One hopes, by such fawning, to gain favors. A "boon" is a helpful thing. Sometimes, we say something like, "The gift was such a great boon to the poor family." This means that it was a great help for them.

The remark in question seemed to be "inconsequential," meaning that it seemed to be unimportant; however, it seems to have started a very long and vigorous debate about the place of philosophy in the curriculum. The language at least implies such a contrast, especially hinting at the intensity of the debate in contrast to the seemingly unimportant remark. To start something like this is to "spark" it, as if one were to set a spark to begin a fire. A strong and opinionated debate is one that is "heated." This word might seem to be amusing in combination with "spark," but it is indeed correct!

This question primarily hinges on the word "hermit," which describes a person who lives in solitude. Often there are religious reasons for such actions, but this is not necessarily the case. The main idea of being a "hermit" is the notion of such a solitary existence. Therefore, a number of the wrong answers are incorrect because they offer too much additional information or specification. Hermits might be recollecting, pacifists, or given to reflection; however, their main characteristic is their solitude. Therefore, this is the best first answer. Upon return, they will be surprised to find the alterations that occurred in the world—i.e. how the world has changed.

The word "edifice" means "building." When we "edify" someone with our words, we "build them up." Clearly, this building is "new," and the group is planning to build it, so it is not yet built; therefore, it makes sense to say that the group is carefully planning to erect the building. That is, they are looking to build it—one of the meanings of the verb "to erect." Since the group "carefully" planned this work, it is not fair to say that they made their decision hastily without planning. Instead, it is much better say that they made it without much deliberation—that is, without much "back and forth" discussion. This does not mean that it was ill-planned but, instead, merely that there was little arguing or discussion concerning the matter.

The first keyword is “sued.” Because it is a lawsuit, we know that the first blank must be a word associated with illegal or unethical behavior. The second blank is what was allegedly done to the producer and is strongly linked with the first. “Chicanery” means the use of tricks to deceive someone, and “bamboozle“ means to pull the wool over someone’s eyes. These form the correct answer.

In this sentence, it seems that Ronald has a preference for warm wine. A "predilection" is such a preference. The word comes from Latin roots meaning to choose beforehand. It is related to the word “election,” though the roots are slightly distinct. Ronald’s preference for warm wine could be called a “predilection” as well as a “penchant,” but the word “opting” well describes his action of allowing his friend to have the warm wine. In contrast, the word “rejected” really is the opposite of what is needed!

Likely, Thomas is depressed and angry at this news. Perhaps, even, he has become a bit manic, but we need to pay close attention to the clues given in the sentence. He is described as lacking energy after receiving the news. It would be difficult to read the final clause in any manner than that. Thus, “expend” is a good option, as it means to spend, usually “to spend completely.” Lacking energy in this manner, we can describe Thomas as being “lethargic.” The actual lack of energy is called “lethargy.”  Since this word best describes the state of someone who lacks energy, it is the best option among those provided here.