This poem is an English (Shakespearean) Sonnet, which has 14 lines written in iambic pentameter and has the rhyme scheme a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g. 

(Passage adapted from "Sonnet 77" by William Shakespeare)

“Gear and tackle and trim” (line 6) is an example of polysyndeton, while "counter, original, spare, strange" (line 7) is an example of an asyndeton. A polysyndeton is a figure of speech where conjunctions are repeated frequently in a sequence, while an asyndeton is a figure of speech where one or several conjunctions are intentionally left out of the sentence.

(Passage adapted from "Pied Beauty" by Gerard Manley Hopkins)

Alliteration is used most frequently in the poem. Alliteration is the repetition of the same sounds or same kinds of sounds at the beginning of words. The following are some of the examples of alliteration in the poem:

"Fresh-firecoal . . . finches" (line 4)

"Plotted and pieced . . . plough" (line 5)

"Fold, fallow" (line 5)

"tackle and trim" (line 6)

"spare, strange" (line 7)

"fickle, freckled" (line 8)

"swift, slow; sweet, sour" (line 9)

"adazzle, dim" ("d" sound)  (line 9)

"fathers-forrth" (line 10)

(Passage adapted from "Pied Beauty" by Gerard Manley Hopkins (1918))

God fathers change. In lines 7-5, the speaker is saying that "whatever is fickle" (line 8) "He fathers" (line 10). If something is "fickle," it is changing constantly. "All things counter, original, spare, strange" also supports the fact that the speaker believes God fathers change. In line 10, the speaker further states that God fathers change because God's "beauty is past change." 

(Passage adapted from "Pied Beauty" by Gerard Manley Hopkins) 

 "Viceroy" means person governing a colony and representing the monarch of the nation to which the colony belongs. In the poem, the "viceroy" (line 6) is the wreath of hair from line 3. Line 1 says to not harm that wreath of hair. Line 4 goes on to further say "you must not touch". Lines 5-6 explain why: the wreath is the poet's  "outward soul" (line 5) and his viceroy (line 6).

(Passage adapted from "The Funeral" by John Donne)

“Liutenant lies” (line 5) is an example of alliteration. Alliteration is the repetition of the same sounds or same kinds of sounds at the beginning of words.

(Passage adapted from "Astrophil and Stella" by Sir Philip Sydney, XXXVI.1-14 (1591))

This passage is taken from Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, for which the poet invented the verse form that is now known as "the Spenserian stanza." The Spenserian stanza consists of eight lines of iambic pentameter followed by a single alexandrine—a line of iambic hexameter. The rhyme scheme is A-B-A-B-B-C-B-C-C. Later practitioners of the Spenserian stanza include the Romantic poets Percy Bysshe Shelley, Lord Byron, and John Keats.

Passage adapted from The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser, I.xiv.1-9 (1590)

The passage in question consists of lines 43-50 of the "General Prologue" to The Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343-1400). Chaucer also wrote Troilus and Criseide, The Book of The Duchess, The House of Fame, and Legend of Good Women.

The correct answer, Sir Gawain and The Green Knight, was composed by an unknown poet who was likely a contemporary of Chaucer's.

Passage adapted from lines 43–50 in "General Prologue" in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (1478)

The excerpt above (lines 43-50 "The General Prologue" to Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales) was written during the 1380s.

Passage adapted from lines 43–50 in "General Prologue" in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (1478)