Gertrude Stein is famous for her hosting of salons in Paris, where she lived with her partner Alice B. Toklas until her death in the 1940s. These salons helped support the careers of painters as renowned as Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso, and Stein herself collected many valuable pieces of artwork. Her poetry attempts to destroy the linear, logical narratives that were the dominant form of writing at the time and create a modern, fragmentary, and sometimes incomprehensible verse.

William Carlos Williams, a medical doctor as well as a poet, was known for experimental works such as “To Elsie” and the poems mentioned in the question stem. Although his vision for modern poetry differed greatly from the views of T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and other literary giants, Williams found like-minded creators in “The Others,” a group of early twentieth-century New York artists and writers.

Gwendolyn Brooks’ poetry, which also includes titles such as “The Bean Eaters,” “Sadie and Maud,” “The Crazy Woman,” and “Speech to the Young,” drew on her experiences living in inner-city Chicago and was diverse in style, incorporating everything from sonnets to blues to free verse. Brooks, an important figure in twentieth-century African-American literature, served as the Poet Laureate of Illinois for many years.

Langston Hughes wore many hats, including poet, novelist, playwright, and social justice advocate. He was an early innovator of the genre known as “jazz poetry,” which incorporates blues- and jazz-inspired rhythms and a sense of linguistic improvisation.

Marianne Moore, who won both the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award, is noted for her innovations and irony in her poems. She often eschewed formal meter and used animal motifs and interesting language to develop her themes, and she was known for criticizing the institution of poetry (as in her poem "Poetry").

Maya Angelou, a famous African-American poet and prose writer, is best known for her autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings and for her inspirational poetry. She published more than a dozen major works during her lifetime.

This contemporary postmodernist poet is John Ashbery. During his lifetime, Ashbery has produced more than a dozen volumes of poetry and won the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, and the Guggenheim Fellowship. His work is known for its wordplay, surrealism, avant-garde syntax, and ability to resist critical analysis.

John Berryman, a leading confessional and postmodern poet, is best known for the collection The Dream Songs, a compilation of his two books 77 Dream Songs and His Toy, His Dream, His Rest. The work, which won the Pulitzer Prize, features a semi-autobiographical and identity-shifting character named Henry as well as a sometimes controversial appropriation of black language.

This excerpt is taken from the prologue to Friedrich Nietzsche’s 1883 Thus Spake Zarathustra: A Book For All and None. The work is highly philosophical and introduces concepts such as eternal recurrence and the Übermensch, or “Overman.”

Passage adapted from Thus Spake Zarathustra: A Book For All and None by Fredrich Nietzche (1883; trans. Common 1909)

This text is taken from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s 1808 tragedy Faust. One of the most famous characters from this work is Mephistopheles, the devil with whom the eponymous protagonist Faust makes a dangerous bargain. Christopher Marlowe’s earlier play, The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, also contains the character Mephistopheles, but the play's diction and syntax are much more antiquated, as Marlowe’s work was written in 1592.

Adapted from Faust by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1808; trans. Taylor 1890)