Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal gland. We need to identify the hormone responsible for stimulating the adrenal gland and prompting it to release cortisol. This job is accomplished by adrenocorticotropic hormone (or ACTH). While aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal gland, it does not impact the release of cortisol to any significant degree.

The two main hormones of interest that are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. Antidiuretic hormone plays a key role in retaining water at the level of the kidney. In patients with no ADH, fluid retention is severely diminished. Symptoms of this include frequent urination, hyperosmolality, and dehydration.

The two major hormones that control blood sugar levels are glucagon and insulin. Glucagon helps raise blood glucose levels, while insulin decreases blood sugar levels. Both of these hormones are created and secreted by the pancreas.

The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone, which stimulates the synthesis of bone matrix to lower blood calcium levels. The adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoids, such as aldosterone, cortisone, and cortisol. The anterior pituitary gland secretes a number of hormones, including adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and growth hormone.

The pituitary gland has two separate sections: the anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior pituitary gland releases, among other hormones, growth hormone, prolactin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. The posterior pituitary gland only releases two hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. These hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transferred to the posterior pituitary for release.

The thyroid gland releases the thyroid hormones T3 and T4, as well as calcitonin. The adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids, such as aldosterone, cortisone, and cortisol.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It then travels and stimulates the adrenal gland cortex to release its hormones.

Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal gland, specifically the adrenal cortex.

Blood calcium levels are controlled primarily by the thyroid and parathyroid glands. The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (or PTH), which raises blood calcium levels, while the thyroid gland decreases blood calcium levels via the hormone calcitonin. Since the person currently has low blood calcium, the goal is to raise the blood calcium to normal levels. As a result, we can expect to see increased activity in the parathyroid glands.

The prostate gland is used to release fluid that adds to the fluidity of semen, and makes the semen alkaline in nature. This alkalinity helps counteract the acidity of the vaginal tract, and prolong the lifespan of the sperm.

Sperm are produced in the testes and are stored in the epididymis prior to release. The hormones involved in spermatogenesis are testosterone, produced by Leydig cells in the testes, and follicle-stimulating hormone, produced by the anterior pituitary.

The corpus luteum is formed from the remainder of the follicle following ovulation. The corpus luteum will release estradiol (estrogen) and progesterone in order to prepare for pregnancy. If pregnancy does not take place, the corpus luteum will degrade into the corpus albicans.

The follicle contains the egg prior to ovulation and releases it after stimulation by follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is the hormone responsible for maintaining the uterus and placenta during pregnancy, and is released by the uterus.

The menstrual cycle has four phases: 

1) Menstrual phase (days 1-5): the uterus sheds its lining, which exits the body through the vagina in the form of menstrual fluid.

2) Follicular phase (days 1-13): the pituitary gland releases a hormone that stimulates the egg cells to grow. One egg cell matures in a sac-like follicle for 13 days; while it is maturing, the follicle releases a hormone that causes the uterus to develop its lining.

3) Ovulatory phase (day 14): the events listed in the question occur.

4) Luteal phase (days 15-28): the egg released during ovulation stays in the fallopian tube for 24 hours, disintegrating if not fertilized during that time. During this phase, the hormone that causes the uterus to retain its lining is used up, causing another menstrual phase to begin.