GMAT Verbal : Correcting Phrase, Clause, and Sentence Errors
Study concepts, example questions & explanations for GMAT Verbal
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Example Questions
Example Question #51 : Correcting Dangling Modifier Errors
Replace the underlined portion with the answer choice that results in a sentence that is clear, precise, and meets the requirements of standard written English. One of the answer choices reproduces the underlined portion as it is written in the sentence.
Flying into the city, the smog was visible to everyone on the plane.
The smog was visible to everyone on the plane flying into the city.
Everyone on the plane was visible with smog flying into the city.
Flying into the city, everyone on the plane was visible to the smog.
Flying into the city, the smog was visible to everyone on the plane.
The smog visible to everyone on the plane flying into the city.
The smog was visible to everyone on the plane flying into the city.
The sentence is written in a way that makes it appear that "the smog" was the thing "flying into the city." The sentence needs to be restructured to show that the plane, and the people on it, were "flying into the city." The answer choice that best clarifies the meaning of the sentence is "The smog was visible to everyone on the plane flying into the city."
Example Question #51 : Correcting Dangling Modifier Errors
Replace the underlined portion with the answer choice that results in a sentence that is clear, precise, and meets the requirements of standard written English. One of the answer choices reproduces the underlined portion as it is written in the sentence.
Working diligently in the garden, the weeds were being removed one by one by the farmer.
the farmer had been working to remove the weeds one by one
the weeds were removed by the farmer one by one
the weeds were being removed one by one by the farmer
one by one, the weeds were removed by the farmer
the farmer removed the weeds one by one
the farmer removed the weeds one by one
The sentence is incorrect because it has a dangling modifier. The thing “working diligently in the garden” is the farmer, not the weeds, so it should start with “the farmer” directly after the comma. Also, “removed” is the most precise and least redundant verb tense to use.
Example Question #73 : Modifier Placement Errors
Replace the underlined portion with the answer choice that results in a sentence that is clear, precise, and meets the requirements of standard written English. One of the answer choices reproduces the underlined portion as it is written in the sentence.
Walking at night through the graveyard, noises always seem much creepier than they actually are during daylight.
Walking at night through the graveyard, noises seem always
Walking at night through the graveyard, noises always seem
Walking through the graveyard at night, noises always seem
Walking at night through the graveyard, people hear noises that seem
Walking in night in the graveyard, noises always seem
Walking at night through the graveyard, people hear noises that seem
The sentence as written contains what is known as a "dangling modifer," as the introductory clause does not describe action taken by the subject, "noises." This means the sentence needs to be fixed to make the subject fit with its modifying clause. The best choice among the answers is "Walking at night through the graveyard, people hear noises that seem."
Example Question #52 : Correcting Dangling Modifier Errors
Replace the underlined portion with the answer choice that results in a sentence that is clear, precise, and meets the requirements of standard written English. One of the answer choices reproduces the underlined portion as it is written in the sentence.
After eating a pan of cake, Jimmy's stomach felt ill.
After eating a pan of cake, Jimmy felt ill.
Jimmy, after having ate a pan of cake, felt ill.
After eating a pan of cake, Jimmy's stomach had been feeling ill.
After eating a pan of cake, Jimmy's stomach felt ill.
After eating a pan of cake, Jimmy's stomach feels ill.
After eating a pan of cake, Jimmy felt ill.
The modifier is "after eating a pan of cake." The only conceivable thing that could eat a pan of cake is Jimmy, not his stomach. So, the initial modifying phrase needs to be placed next to "Jimmy" in the sentence so that it is clear to the reader that this is what is happening. This means that "Jimmy" needs to immediately follow the sentence's initial modifying phrase. "Jimmy, after having ate a pan of cake, felt ill" is incorrect due to the incorrect verb construction "having ate." The correct verb phrase would be "having eaten."
Example Question #67 : Correcting Modifier Placement Errors
Replace the underlined portion with the answer choice that results in a sentence that is clear, precise, and meets the requirements of standard written English. One of the answer choices reproduces the underlined portion as it is written in the sentence.
Imagining and writing down such beautiful imagery, Shakespeare's plays are truly masterpieces.
Shakespeare created plays that are truly masterpieces; plays imagining and writing down such beautiful imagery.
Shakespeare, in imagining and writing down such beautiful imagery, creates plays that are truly masterpieces.
Imagining and writing down such beautiful imagery, Shakespeare's plays are truly masterpieces.
Shakespeare's plays are truly masterpieces, imagining and writing down such beautiful imagery.
Through imagining and writing down such beautiful imagery, Shakespeare's plays are truly masterpieces.
Shakespeare, in imagining and writing down such beautiful imagery, creates plays that are truly masterpieces.
The error in the sentence is in how the phrase "Imagining and writing down such creative imagery" should be about Shakespeare, not his plays. In the original sentence, "Shakespeare's plays" immediately follows the phrase, so it seems as if the plays themselves are imagining and writing down the imagery. The sentence must be corrected so that it is Shakespeare the clause describes.
Example Question #51 : Correcting Dangling Modifier Errors
Replace the underlined portion with the answer choice that results in a sentence that is clear, precise, and meets the requirements of standard written English.
Wishing for a new doll, the birthday candles were blown out enthusiastically by Polly.
The birthday candles were blown out by Polly, enthusiastically wishing for a new doll.
The birthday candles were blown out enthusiastically by Polly, wishing for a new doll.
Wishing for a new doll, enthusiastically Polly was blowing out the birthday candles.
Wishing for a new doll, Polly blew out the birthday candles enthusiastically.
Wishing for a new doll, the birthday candles were blown out enthusiastically by Polly.
Wishing for a new doll, Polly blew out the birthday candles enthusiastically.
The modifier “wishing for a new doll” applies to Polly, so it must appear next to “Polly” in the sentence. “Wishing for a new doll, Polly blew out the birthday candles enthusiastically” is the best choice, since the modifier is in the correct place and the sentence doesn’t rely on the passive voice or awkward phrasing.
Example Question #71 : Modifier Placement Errors
Writing about a family that tours as a freak show, Katherine Dunn's novel Geek Love was a finalist for the National Book Award.
Replace the underlined portion with the answer choice that results in a sentence that is clear, precise, and meets the requirements of standard written English. One of the answer choices reproduces the underlined portion as it is written in the sentence.
Writing about a family that tours as a freak show, Katherine Dunn's novel Geek Love will be a finalist for the National Book Award.
Katherine Dunn's novel Geek Love, which depicts a family that tours as a freak show, was a finalist for the National Book Award.
Being written about a family that tours as a freak show, Katherine Dunn, the author of Geek Love, was a finalist for the National Book Award.
Having written about a family that tours as a freak show, Katherine Dunn's novel Geek Love was a finalist for the National Book Award.
A family that tours as a freak show, Katherine Dunn's novel Geek Love was a finalist for the National Book Award.
Katherine Dunn's novel Geek Love, which depicts a family that tours as a freak show, was a finalist for the National Book Award.
In the original sentence, the clause "Writing about a family that tours as a freak show" incorrectly modifies "Katherine Dunn's novel." As a novel cannot write itself, the clause is actually meant to modify "Katherine Dunn," the novel's author. All of the incorrect answers maintain this error in some form. "Having written" and "writing" both modify "Katherine Dunn's novel." "A family that travels as a freak show" modifies "Katherine Dunn's novel" as well, when it is meant to refer to the characters in the novel, rather than the novel itself. "Being written about a family that tours as a freak show" modifies "Katherine Dunn," when it should modify "Katherine Dunn's novel." The correct answer, then, must be the sentence, "Katherine Dunn's novel Geek Love, which depicts a family that tours as a freak show, was a finalist for the National Book Award." In this sentence, the clause "which depicts a family that tours as a freak show" correctly modifies "Katherine Dunn's novel."
Example Question #388 : Phrase, Clause, And Sentence Errors
Replace the underlined portion with the answer choice that results in a sentence that is clear, precise, and meets the requirements of standard written English. One of the answer choices reproduces the underlined portion as it is written in the sentence.
Unlike the other programmers, who were disillusioned and bored, Nathan's code was made with consistently full of inventive and exciting ideas.
Unlike the other programmers, who were disillusioned and bored, Nathan's code was made with consistently full of inventive and exciting ideas.
Unlike the other programmers, Nathan's code was made with consistently full of inventive and exciting ideas, who were disillusioned and bored.
Unlike the other programmers, Nathan's code, who were disillusioned and bored, was made with consistently full of inventive and exciting ideas.
Unlike the other programmers, who were disillusioned and bored, Nathan made code that was consistently full of inventive and exciting ideas.
Unlike the other programmers, Nathan's code was made with consistently full of inventive and exciting ideas, who were disillusioned and bored.
Unlike the other programmers, who were disillusioned and bored, Nathan made code that was consistently full of inventive and exciting ideas.
The phrase "Unlike the other programmers" is intended to relate to another programmer, Nathan, not "Nathan's code." The current sentence also uses passive voice in stating that "Nathan's code was made." The best answer uses both active voice and correct modifier-word modified agreement: "Unlike the other programmers, who were disillusioned and bored, Nathan made code that was consistently full of inventive and exciting ideas."
Example Question #71 : Modifier Placement Errors
Replace the underlined portion with the answer choice that results in a sentence that is clear, precise, and meets the requirements of standard written English. One of the answer choices reproduces the underlined portion as it is written in the sentence.
Looking at the mannequin, the dress seemed much smaller to me than the salesman claimed it was.
The dress seemed much smaller to me than the salesman claimed it was, looking at the mannequin.
The dress, looking at the mannequin, seemed much smaller to me than the salesman claimed it was.
Looking at the mannequin, I thought the dress seemed much smaller to me than the salesman claimed it was.
Looking at the mannequin, I thought the dress seemed much smaller than the salesman claimed it was.
Looking at the mannequin, the dress seemed much smaller to me than the salesman claimed it was.
Looking at the mannequin, I thought the dress seemed much smaller than the salesman claimed it was.
“Looking at the mannequin” is a modifier that refers to an action performed by the speaker of the sentence. Because a modifier should always appear as close as possible in the sentence to the thing it modifies, “Looking at the mannequin, I thought the dress seemed much smaller than the salesman claimed it was” is the most correct and concise answer.
Example Question #391 : Phrase, Clause, And Sentence Errors
Replace the underlined portion with the answer choice that results in a sentence that is clear, precise, and meets the requirements of standard written English. One of the answer choices reproduces the underlined portion as it is written in the sentence.
Cascading to the floor in a rainbow-colored shower, I saw my bead collection scattered across the entire room.
Cascading to the floor in a rainbow-colored shower, my bead collection scattering across the entire room.
Cascading to the floor in a rainbow-colored shower, my bead collection was scattered across the entire room, as I saw.
I saw my bead collection cascading to the floor in a rainbow-colored shower and scattering across the entire room.
Cascading to the floor in a rainbow-colored shower, I saw my bead collection scattered across the entire room.
I saw, cascading to the floor in a rainbow-colored shower, my bead collection was scattered across the entire room.
I saw my bead collection cascading to the floor in a rainbow-colored shower and scattering across the entire room.
“Cascading to the floor in a rainbow-colored shower” is a modifier that refers to an action performed by the beads, not the speaker, so the modifier must be placed immediately before or after “my bead collection” in the sentence. Here, the most correct and concise choice is a completely rewritten sentence with clear modifiers.
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