Positive charges in an electric field will experience an electric force that is in the same direction as the electric field. If the charge is negative, the force will be in the opposite direction of the electric field. Since the charged particle experiences a force which is opposite to the electric field, the sign of the charge must be negative.

In Coloumb's law, an increase in both interacting charges will cause an increase in the magnitude of the electrical force between them. Specifically if the magnitude of both interacting charges is doubled, this will quadruple the electrical force.

Electric forces can be attractive or repulsive because charges may be positive or negative. In the case for gravitational forces, there are only attractive forces because mass is always positive.

Because of the principles of superposition, each electric force that acts from the charges at the corners on to the charge at the center can be broken into components. Since all the charges are positive, all the forces will be repulsive. The forces acting from the top left and bottom right corners will cancel, leaving only the repulsive force coming from the bottom left corner. 

Positive charges in an electric field will experience an electric force that is in the same direction as the electric field. If the charge is negative, the force will be in the opposite direction of the electric field. Since we are talking about an electron moving in an electric field that points in the negative y-direction, the electron will feel a force that points in the positive y-direction, or upwards. 

When the negatively charged rod is brought near one of the two spheres, the presents of the negative charge will induce a flow of charge in the spheres such that regions farthest away from the charged rod will become most negative and regions near the rod will become most positive. This is called charge by induction.

Charge by induction happens when a charged object is brought in the vicinity of a neutral object. The presents of the charged object will cause the free charges in the neutral object to shift such that the neutral object becomes polarized. When the charged object is positive, this will induce a negative charge on a neutral object. 

A conductor is defined as a object free to move charges. In particular, valence electrons, which are the outer most electron in each atom and the most free to move, travel inside the conductor until the net electric field inside the conductor is zero. These electrons will move until this condition has been met. Because of the presents of charged particles at the surface and the condition that they are no longer moving, any electric field at the surface must be perpendicular to that surface.

Gauss' laws states that the the electric flux through a Gaussian surface will be proportional to the net total charge inside the Gaussian surface. By inspection of the figure, we see that Gaussian surface B is the correct answer.

According to Gaussian law, the electric flux will be zero when the net electric charge inside the Gaussian surface is zero. By inspection, we see this is Gaussian surface C.