Calculus 1 : Intervals

Study concepts, example questions & explanations for Calculus 1

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Example Questions

Example Question #3 : How To Find Increasing Intervals By Graphing Functions

Is the following function increasing or decreasing on the interval \displaystyle [2,3]?

\displaystyle h(x)=4x^3-5x^2-4x+7

Possible Answers:

Increasing, because \displaystyle h'(x) is positive on the given interval.

Decreasing, because \displaystyle h'(x) is positive on the given interval.

The function is neither increasing nor decreasing on the interval.

Increasing, because \displaystyle h'(x) is negative on the given interval.

Decreasing, because \displaystyle h'(x) is negative on the given interval.

Correct answer:

Increasing, because \displaystyle h'(x) is positive on the given interval.

Explanation:

A function is increasing on an interval if for every point on that interval the first derivative is positive.

So we need to find the first derivative and then plug in the endpoints of our interval.

\displaystyle h(x)=4x^3-5x^2-4x+7

Find the first derivative by using the Power Rule \displaystyle f(x)=x^n \rightarrow f'(x)=nx^{n-1}

\displaystyle h'(x)=12x^2-10x-4

Plug in the endpoints and evaluate the function.

\displaystyle h'(2)=12\cdot2^2-10\cdot2-4=24

\displaystyle h'(3)=12\cdot3^2-10\cdot3-4=74

Both are positive, so our function is increasing on the given interval.

Example Question #2 : How To Find Increasing Intervals By Graphing Functions

On which intervals is the following function increasing?

\displaystyle y=ln(x^2 - 2x)

Possible Answers:

\displaystyle (0,\infty)

\displaystyle (1,2)

\displaystyle (-\infty,\infty)

\displaystyle (-\infty,1) \ and\ (2,\infty)

Correct answer:

Explanation:

The first step is to find the first derivative.

\displaystyle y'=\frac{2x-2}{x^2-2x}

Remember that the derivative of \displaystyle ln(u) = \frac{u'}{u}

Next, find the critical points, which are the points where \displaystyle y'=0 or undefined. To find the \displaystyle 0 points, set the numerator to \displaystyle 0, to find the undefined points, set the denomintor to \displaystyle 0. The critical points are \displaystyle x=0,1, and \displaystyle 2.

The final step is to try points in all the regions \displaystyle (-\infty,0) , (0,1), (1,2), (2,\infty) to see which range gives a positive value for \displaystyle y'.

If we plugin in a number from the first range, i.e \displaystyle -1, we get a negative number.

From the second range, \displaystyle 0.5, we get a positive number.

From the third range, \displaystyle 1.5, we get a negative number.

From the last range, \displaystyle 3, we get a positive number.

So the second and the last ranges are the ones where \displaystyle y is increasing.

Example Question #8 : How To Find Increasing Intervals By Graphing Functions

Below is the complete graph of \displaystyle f'(x). On what interval(s) is \displaystyle f(x) increasing?Graph2

Possible Answers:

\displaystyle (-1, 0), (2, \infty)

\displaystyle (-\infty, -1), (0,2)

\displaystyle (-0.76, 1.57)

\displaystyle (-1, 0)

\displaystyle (-\infty, -0.76), (1.57, \infty)

Correct answer:

\displaystyle (-\infty, -1), (0,2)

Explanation:

\displaystyle f(x) is increasing when \displaystyle f'(x) is positive (above the \displaystyle x-axis). This occurs on the intervals \displaystyle (-\infty, -1), (0,2).

Example Question #4 : How To Find Increasing Intervals By Graphing Functions

Function A

Graph3

 

 

Function B

Graph4

 

 

 

Function C

Graph5

 

 

Function D

Graph2

 

 

Function E

Graph1

5 graphs of different functions are shown above. Which graph shows an increasing/non-decreasing function?

Possible Answers:

Function E

Function A

Function C

Function B

Function D

Correct answer:

Function E

Explanation:

A function \displaystyle f(x) is increasing if, for any \displaystyle y>x\displaystyle f(y)\geq f(x) (i.e the slope is always greater than or equal to zero)

 

Function E is the only function that has this property. Note that function E is increasing, but not strictly increasing

Example Question #1 : How To Find Increasing Intervals By Graphing Functions

Find the increasing intervals of the following function on the interval \displaystyle (0, 5):

\displaystyle f(x)=x^3-9x

Possible Answers:

\displaystyle (-\sqrt{3, 0})\cup(\sqrt{3}, 5)

\displaystyle (\sqrt{3}, 5)

\displaystyle (0, \sqrt{3})

\displaystyle (0, 5)

Correct answer:

\displaystyle (\sqrt{3}, 5)

Explanation:

To find the increasing intervals of a given function, one must determine the intervals where the function has a positive first derivative. To find these intervals, first find the critical values, or the points at which the first derivative of the function is equal to zero.

For the given function, \displaystyle f'(x)=3x^2-9.

This derivative was found by using the power rule 

\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}x^n=nx^{n-1}

When set equal to zero, \displaystyle x=c=\pm\sqrt{3}. Because we are only considering the open interval (0,5) for this function, we can ignore \displaystyle c=-\sqrt{3}. Next, we look the intervals around the critical value \displaystyle c=\sqrt{3}, which are \displaystyle (0, \sqrt{3}) and \displaystyle (\sqrt{3}, 5). On the first interval, the first derivative of the function is negative (plugging in values gives us a negative number), which means that the function is decreasing on this interval. However for the second interval, the first derivative is positive, which indicates that the function is increasing on this interval \displaystyle (\sqrt{3}, 5)

Example Question #11 : Increasing Intervals

Is \displaystyle f(x) increasing, decreasing, or flat at \displaystyle x=-6?

\displaystyle f(x)=-3x^5+6x^3

Possible Answers:

f(x) is decreasing at the point, because f'(x) is negative.

 f(x) is decreasing at the point, because f'(x) is positive.

f(x) is flat at the point, because f'(x) is zero.

f(x) is increasing at the point, because f'(x) is positive.

Correct answer:

f(x) is decreasing at the point, because f'(x) is negative.

Explanation:

Is f(x) increasing, decreasing, or flat at \displaystyle x=-6?

\displaystyle f(x)=-3x^5+6x^3

Recall that to find if a function is increasing or decreasing, we can use its first derivative. If f'(x) is positive, f(x) is increasing. If f'(x) is negative, f(x) is decreasing.

So, given:

\displaystyle f(x)=-3x^5+6x^3

 

We get

\displaystyle f'(x)=-15x^4+18x^2

Then:

\displaystyle f'(x)=-15(-6)^4+18(-6)^2=-18792

Therefore, f(x) is decreasing at the point, because f'(x) is negative.

Example Question #11 : Increasing Intervals

Tell whether \displaystyle g(t) is increasing or decreasing on the interval \displaystyle [4,7].

\displaystyle g(t)=4t^3-3t^2+6t

Possible Answers:

Decreasing, because g'(t) is negative.

Increasing, because g'(t) is negative.

Decreasing, because g'(t) is positive.

Increasing, because g'(t) is positive.

Correct answer:

Increasing, because g'(t) is positive.

Explanation:

Tell whether g(t) is increasing or decreasing on the interval [4,7]

\displaystyle g(t)=4t^3-3t^2+6t

To find increasing and decreasing, find where the first derivative is positive and negative. If g'(t) is positive, then g(t) is increasing and vice-versa.

\displaystyle g(t)=4t^3-3t^2+6t

\displaystyle g'(t)=12t^2-6t+6

Then,plug in the endpoints of [4,7] and see what you get for a sign.

\displaystyle g'(4)=12(4)^2-6(4)+6=174\displaystyle g'(7)=12(7)^2-6(7)+6=552

So, since g'(t) is positive on the interval, g(t) is increasing.

Example Question #12 : Increasing Intervals

Find the interval on which the function is increasing:

\displaystyle f(x)=x^2+x+1

Possible Answers:

\displaystyle \left(-\frac{1}{2}, \infty \right)

The function is never increasing.

\displaystyle (-\infty , \infty )

\displaystyle \left(-\infty , -\frac{1}{2}\right)

Correct answer:

\displaystyle \left(-\frac{1}{2}, \infty \right)

Explanation:

To find the interval(s) on which the function is increasing, we must find the intervals on which the first derivative of the function is positive. 

The first derivative of the function is:

\displaystyle f'(x)=2x+1

and was found using the rule

\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x} x^n=nx^{n-1}

Now we must find the critical value, at which the first derivative is equal to zero:

\displaystyle c=-\frac{1}{2}

Now, we make the intervals on which we look at the sign of the first derivative:

\displaystyle \left(-\infty , -\frac{1}{2}\right), \left(-\frac{1}{2}, \infty \right)

On the first interval the first derivative is positive, while on the second it is negative. Thus, the first interval is our answer, because over this range of x values, the first derivative is positive and the function is increasing. 

Example Question #31 : Intervals

Suppose \displaystyle f(x) is continuous for all \displaystyle x and known to have at least one root, and \displaystyle f'(x)>0 for all \displaystyle x. Which of the following must be true?

Possible Answers:

\displaystyle f  has at least one inflection point

\displaystyle f  has at least one more root

\displaystyle f has only one root

Correct answer:

\displaystyle f has only one root

Explanation:

If \displaystyle f(x) is continuous everywhere and always increasing (i.e. \displaystyle f'(x)>0 for all \displaystyle x), then it must be true that after \displaystyle f has attained its root, it can never do so again because it can't "return" to the \displaystyle x-axis. NOTE: this is not automatically true of functions that aren't continuous. As for the other choices, the possibility of at least having one more root is automatically false and a simple counterexample to the notion thay \displaystyle f has to have an inflection point is a simple increasing lines. It has a constant positive derivative, but possesses no upward or downward concavity and has no inflection points.

Example Question #15 : Increasing Intervals

Deletable Note to the admin: I am virtually 100% sure the derivative has been correct. Derivative of the top is 6x. Derivative of the bottom is 1/x. So numerator of derivative by quotient rule is \displaystyle 6xlnx - 3x^{2}(\frac{1}{x}). You will note the second term in this is 3x. Denominator is self explanatory. I do not see where it is wrong.

Let   \displaystyle y=f(x)=\frac{3x^{2}}{\ln x}.  On what subintervals of the interval \displaystyle (e,\infty ) is \displaystyle f(x) increasing?

Possible Answers:

Only intervals where \displaystyle lnx>\displaystyle 3x^{2}

\displaystyle (e,e^{2})

No subinterval of \displaystyle (e,\infty ).

Every nontrivial subinterval of \displaystyle (e,\infty )

 

 

Correct answer:

Every nontrivial subinterval of \displaystyle (e,\infty )

 

 

Explanation:

Take the first derivative of \displaystyle f(x):

 

\displaystyle y'= \frac{6xlnx-3x}{ln^{2}x}   by quotient rule

 

\displaystyle f(x) is increasing whenever \displaystyle y' is positive, that is, whenever both the numerator and denominator are of the same sign. The function \displaystyle f(x)=lnx is certainly positive for all values of \displaystyle x greater than \displaystyle e because  and since 

 

\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}(lnx) = \frac{1}{x}

 

is positive for all positive \displaystyle x, it is increasing on the interval, too. It will never be negative. For the same reason, the numerator is always positive. With the numerator and denominator always positive everywhere on the given interval, the derivative is always positive and the function is always increasing. So for any interval of nonzero length within \displaystyle (e,\infty ), \displaystyle f(x) is increasing.

 

NOTE: Interestingly the opposite of the choice \displaystyle f(x) > \displaystyle 3x^{2} is also true. \displaystyle 3x^{2}>lnx on the entire interval because at \displaystyle x=e, we have

 

\displaystyle 3e^{2}>1=lne. So the numerator is larger to begin with, and since:

 

\displaystyle 6x > 1/x  for all \displaystyle x>e (or any \displaystyle x>1 for that matter), the derivative of the numerator is greater, too. This means the numerator will always be larger, so this condition coincides with the condition of \displaystyle f'(x) being positive.

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