The African National Congress is not a confederation of African states, rather it is a major political party in South Africa. The African National Congress is the party of Nelson Mandela and was the first party to be elected in the multi racial democratic elections of 1994, following the end of apartheid. The African National Congress abhorred apartheid and worked tirelessly and passionately for its end.

The primary goal of apartheid in South Africa was to control the country’s black population, prevent organized resistance, and ensure the legal superiority of the country’s white population. It was a formal policy of the ruling party of South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. It was not formally abolished until 1991 and not fully overturned until the elections of 1994, which ushered into power Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress.

The Holocaust occurred between 1941–45 and refers to the mass killing of minorities under the Nazi regime. This systematic slaughter impacted approximately 11 million people. 

Records estimate around 6 million Jews were killed by the Nazis and their collaborators, though this number of deaths doesn't include those who were also targeted. This includes the disabled, homosexuals, and those deemed racially inferior such as the Slavs and Roma people.

The Nuremberg Laws were introduced to German society in 1935. They codified the inferior legal status of Jewish people living in Nazi Germany by making it illegal for Germans and Jews to marry and to have extramarital affairs and by declaring that Jews were not citizens of Hitler’s Reich. The Nuremberg Laws may be understood as precursor to the horrors of the Holocaust.

The first multiracial democratic elections after the end of apartheid were held in South Africa in 1994. Nelson Mandela was elected President. The African National Congress, the party of Mandela, has ruled as the leading party in South African government ever since.

The racial policy of apartheid was design to ensure legal discrimination against black people living in South Africa for much of the twentieth century.

The patrician class was a small number of elite families who could allegedly trace their lineages back to the founding of the republic. They would own slaves as well as massive parts of the city, and made great financial contributions to both the military and the city's infrastructure. Equites were the lower ranked level of the aristocracy, roughly equivalent to "knights" in later eras. Plebians (also known as plebs) were non-patrician members of society. Senators were non-elected legislators. Legionaries were professional soldiers. 

Brahmin are in the highest caste of Indian society, it is a cast reserved for holy men. Dalit, Shudra, Kshatriyas and Vaishya represent the untouchables, laborers, nobles and artisans respectively. The caste system is rigid and there is very little crossover between classes.

Difficulty in collecting taxes was a major contributing factor to the fall of both the Han and Roman empires. In the Roman Empire, wealthy land owners avoided paying taxes, and tax collectors were often driven away by the private armies of these wealthy landowners. In the Han Empire, scholar officials were not required to pay taxes, and an increase in population led to smaller family farm operations, which in turn made it more difficult for people—especially in the peasant class—to pay taxes.

While the population increase in the Han Empire contributed to its collapse, the collapse of the Roman Empire was partially attributable to population decreases caused by plagues.

Invasion by the Huns and the Visigoths took place only in the Roman Empire, not in the Han Empire.

The caste system is a system of social hierarchy that is most commonly associated with India and Indian history.