The American occupation of Japan lasted from 1945 to 1952. It was highly successful in rebuilding and restructuring Japanese society. The occupation contributed to the emergence of Japan as an economic superpower in the second half of the twentieth century.

When the Ottoman sultan was overthrown, Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) set out to modernize Turkey, with the main goal of making Turkey completely independent from outside influences so that he could focus on reform and modernization. Though he adapted the political institutions of Western countries to Turkey's needs, he insisted on doing so in a way that would maintain Turkey's independence. Knowing that he needed to focus on building up Turkey internally, all foreign issues after the revolution were settled peacefully. 

Uganda is the only country of those listed that has not had electoral turnover since its independence. Power has been transferred through military coups or civil wars. All elections in Uganda have been won by the incumbent president. 

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was the first President of Turkey and considered the founder of the Republic of Turkey. He was granted the name "Atatürk" in 1934, which means "Father of the Turks".  

The Bolsheviks and Mensheviks were the two political parties that began as part of the Social Democratic party. The other options for this question are incorrect. "Dumas" are not parties or branches, but refers to legislative assemblies that worked on a state level. The Workers' Party and the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (SD) refer to the overarching parties in Russia that ultimately split into the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. These two parties stirred up revolution and were influential in the end of Czarism.

The Petrograd Soviet was established following the February/March Revolution of 1917 as a committee for the protection of workers in Petrograd. It grew rapidly in influence and came to challenge the Provisional Government and the Duma for control over Russian government.

During the Great Depression and the Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt the American government changed policy direction dramatically. The federal government took on a much greater responsibility to protect the economy and provide for social welfare. In many ways we are still living in a world dramatically altered by this policy shift.

The United Nations was formed in the aftermath of the Second World War. The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council reflect the victors of World War Two. They are China, France, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and the Soviet Union. Japan is not a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.

The first Prime Minister of India was Jawaharlal Nehru. Nehru was an important figure in the Indian National Congress and in the fight for Indian independence. He is also an important stabilizing figure in the early years of the Indian state. Nehru served as Prime Minister from 1947 until the early 1960s.

Muammar al-Gaddafi’s reign in Libya lasted from 1969 until he was forcefully deposed in the Civil War of 2011. His reign is marked by islamic fundamentalism, as well as a rudimentary form of socialism. During his reign he frequently sponsored revolutionary activities in other countries in North Africa and the Middle East