The Kingdom of Kongo was located in Central Africa. The Kongolese Kingdom existed as an independent state from the late fourteenth century until the late nineteenth century. It had extensive interaction with the Portuguese Empire, and was a Portuguese vassal for parts of the nineteenth and twentieth century.

Modern-day Mexico City sits on the same site as Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire.

The correct answer is east to Iran because that was the furthest east that the Ottoman Empire extended. North to Bosnia is incorrect because the northern boundary stretched into present-day southern Poland at one time. The southern boundary stretched into North Africa, making "south to Cyprus" incorrect. The western boundary covered Bosnia and territories were even seized in Tunisia, making the "West to Bulgaria" answer incorrect. 

The first European colony in South Africa was settled by the Dutch East India Company, at the southernmost point of South Africa as a refueling and restocking area for ships sailing around the Horn of Africa and on to the East. There was no challenge of that initial settlement from locals, as the initial land was rocky and inhospitable, and frequently subjected to harsh storms.

At the turn of the 19th century, the British seized control of Cape Town, and British colonists began to flow into South Africa. The original Dutch colonists who traveled inland from the coast to establish farms became known as the "Boers". The Germans controlled colonies to the North of South Africa and would eventually lose them after World War I, and while America had heavy ties politically to South Africa, especially in the mid-19th century and beyond, it wasn't directly in control.

The Safavid Dynasty ruled over territory in modern-day Iran for much of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Safavids are considered one of the “modern Persian Empires.”

Suleiman the Magnificent is one of the most famous and accomplished of the rulers of the Ottoman Empire. Suleiman expanded Ottoman control into southeastern Europe; he improved the Ottoman legal system and modernized the military; and he was a renowned patron of the arts. The height of the Ottoman Empire’s power and prestige is thought to have occurred during his reign. He was relatively tolerant of other religions, and allowed people to practice their religions freely in the Ottoman Empire.

The Netherlands, France, and England were the three European nations who most extensively settled land in North America. English and Dutch colonies could be found all along the eastern seaboard in the seventeenth century. Many French colonies were established in modern-day Canada in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Not to mention the later French establishment of New Orleans and the Louisiana territory.

French colonies in North America were mostly founded in modern-day Canada. Unlike the Spanish who established profitable plantations in the Caribbean and Latin America and the Dutch and British who established permanent settlements on the eastern seaboard of the modern-day United States, the earliest French settlers were fur traders who made their business in the north of the continent. The state of Quebec, in modern-day Canada, is a reminder of the once pervasive French influence in north America.

Pachacuti ruled over the Kingdom of Cusco in the fifteenth century, which, through the development of infrastructure and rapid military conquest, he developed into the Inca Empire. By the time of the arrival of the Spanish, a century later, the Inca Empire had expanded to control much of the western coast of South America and the Andean mountain range.