AP US History : AP US History
Study concepts, example questions & explanations for AP US History
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Example Questions
Example Question #4 : 1608–1754
During colonization, one result of large amounts of arable land and few landowners was that __________.
land owners often relied on indentured servants to fulfill their labor requirements.
agricultural workers formed a union to advocate for their employment rights.
colonist's relationships with Native Americans were very strained.
settlers continued moving westward to find suitable land for farming.
profits from produce increased.
land owners often relied on indentured servants to fulfill their labor requirements.
Indentured servitude was common in the United States during the Colonial Period and continued into the 19th Century. Poor people in Europe trying to escape various forms of discrimination, or just eager for a fresh start in the New World, would sell their services to a master for a period of time, often 7 years. The master would pay for their trip to America as well as room and board during their period of service. The masters were usually wealthy landowners who required a great deal of cheap labor in order to cultivate their land.
Example Question #1 : 1608–1754
The Transatlantic Triangular Trade consisted of three stages. The first stage began in British ports with ships carrying cloth, guns, ironware and drink made in Britain to use in trading for slaves on the West African coast. The second stage was in Africa. There African slave dealers kidnapped people from villages, often up to 100 miles inland, or purchased individuals from African chiefs. These kidnapped and purchased individuals were marched to the West African coast to be traded to the European traders. The European captains would take up to 4 months to fill their ships with individuals as they sailed along the West African coast looking for the fittest and most inexpensive slaves. When the ships were full to capacity, the final stage or the Middle Passage began. The Middle Passage carried slaves across the Atlantic Ocean to the West Indies. The enslaved Africans were sold in the West Indies. The money earned from the sale of the slaves was used to buy sugar, coffee, tobacco and other products that would be carried back to Great Britain. The Transatlantic Triangular Trade was an unsavory yet vital element of the trade economy of the time.
The Transatlantic Triangular Trade was vital part of British trade because of which of the following two factors?
The Sugar Act and Capitalism
The Plantation System and the Free Market System
The Navigation Acts and Mercantilism
The Quartering Act and Mercantilism
The Stamp Act and China Trade
The Navigation Acts and Mercantilism
The Transatlantic Triangular trade was crucial to mercantilism in Great Britain. The main purpose of the colonies was to enrich Great Britain with trade in diverse goods from the abundance of the colonies in exchange for the goods needed in the colonies. Money did not change hands in these transactions. Instead the goods traded came from the colonies as a result of the sale of slaves to plantation owners in need of inexpensive labor. This provided Great Britain with the means to obtain goods without paying the colonies for the products. Additionally, the process could be repeated. The Navigation Acts declared that all colonial exports would be transported in British ships and imports would pass through British ports. This was caused by the salutary neglect of Britain but became a vital necessary during the French and Indian War. Therefore, Great Britain controlled the transactions of goods and the ports to be used in the trading. The Transatlantic Triangular Trade and mercantilism provided a favorable balance of trade for Great Britain. Gold and silver would not leave Britain to purchase the raw materials, manufactured goods and food the country needed. The slave trade would "pay for" these items. The balance was in favor of Great Britain as the colonies bought more than they sent out.
Example Question #11 : Ap Us History
"For having protected, favored, and emboldened the Indians against his Majesty’s loyal subjects, never contriving, requiring, or appointing any due or proper means of satisfaction for their many invasions, robberies, and murders committed upon us."
- Declaration of Nathaniel Bacon, leader of a rebellion of former indentured servants against Governor William Berkeley, 1676
"I have lived 34 years amongst you, as uncorrupt and dilligent as ever Governor was, Bacon is a man of two years amongst you, his person and qualities unknown to most of you, and to all men else, by any virtuous action that ever I heard of...I will take Council of wiser men then my self, but Mr. Bacon hath none about him, but the lowest of the people."
- Governor Williams Berkeley, in response to Bacon's Rebellion, 1676
Which of these major developments was caused in part by conflicts between former indentured servants and the landed elites?
An increase in the importation of slaves from Africa to act as laborers
An increasing number of disgruntled former indentured servants turning to a life of piracy to attain wealth
Uprisings by confederations of Native Americans against the landed elites
A general movement towards the support of Republicanism
The rise in the regulation of trade among the colonies
An increase in the importation of slaves from Africa to act as laborers
Because of frustrations over the shortages of indentured servants and the challenges of accommodating newly independent freedmen, the Chesapeake colonies eventually turned to slave labor as a more easily managed source of forced labor.
Example Question #1 : Geography, Environment, And Peopling 1608–1754
"At last they brought him to [Werowocomoco], where was Powhatan their Emperor. Here more then two hundred of those grim Courtiers stood wondering at him, as he had been a monster; till Powhatan and his train had put themselves in their greatest braveries. Before a fire upon a seat like a bedstead, he sat covered with a great robe, made of Rarowcun [raccoon] skins, and all the tails hanging by. At his entrance before the King, all the people gave a great shout.
Having feasted him after their best barbarous manner they could, a long consultation was held, but the conclusion was, two great stones were brought before Powhatan: then as many as could laid hands on him, dragged him to them, and thereon laid his head, and being ready with their clubs, to beat out his brains, Pocahontas the Kings dearest daughter, when no intreaty could prevail, got his head in her arms, and laid her own upon his to save him from death."
- John Smith, the General History of Virginia, 1624
Which of the following best describes the perspective of John Smith in this passage?
Native American women were dominant in their society
The Native Americans were noble people who had great knowledge about their natural environment
Powhatan and his people were backwards barbarians
Powhatan liked to mock royalty by dressing up in false finery
Native Americans lacked the vices of the more corrupt and cultured Europeans
Powhatan and his people were backwards barbarians
In this passage, John Smith looks down on Powhatan and his people due to cultural differences, describing their feast as "barbarous" and describing them as gawking at him during his arrival.
Example Question #1 : Geography, Environment, And Peopling 1608–1754
"At last they brought him to [Werowocomoco], where was Powhatan their Emperor. Here more then two hundred of those grim Courtiers stood wondering at him, as he had been a monster; till Powhatan and his train had put themselves in their greatest braveries. Before a fire upon a seat like a bedstead, he sat covered with a great robe, made of Rarowcun [raccoon] skins, and all the tails hanging by. At his entrance before the King, all the people gave a great shout.
Having feasted him after their best barbarous manner they could, a long consultation was held, but the conclusion was, two great stones were brought before Powhatan: then as many as could laid hands on him, dragged him to them, and thereon laid his head, and being ready with their clubs, to beat out his brains, Pocahontas the Kings dearest daughter, when no intreaty could prevail, got his head in her arms, and laid her own upon his to save him from death."
- John Smith, the General History of Virginia, 1624
Smith's story best illustrates which of the following about the society he was observing?
Powhatan's people lived in poverty
Powhatan and his people did not concern themselves with physical appearances.
Powhatan's Confederacy was divided by sharp gender and class distinctions
Powhatan had rights as a leader that were similar to autocratic monarchs in Europe
Powhatan's people made important decisions via discussion and consensus
Powhatan's people made important decisions via discussion and consensus
The relevant part of the passage is as follows: "Having feasted him after their best barbarous manner they could, a long consultation was held, but the conclusion was, two great stones were brought before Powhatan."
This shows that Powhatan did not make decisions unilaterally like an autocrat would, but rather his people consulted together to make decisions.
Example Question #3 : Geography, Environment, And Peopling 1608–1754
The British North American colonies were settled for many reasons. The King granted charters to venturing proprietors and joint stock companies to settle the colonies with the goal of making an economic profit for the British Crown. In addition, for many years Britain viewed North America as a base for piracy and harassment of the Spanish. But by the end of the 16th century the British Crown began to think of it as a place for colonization, trade and as a buffer zone. Thus, North America would be a market for British goods, a source of raw materials and commodities such as furs and would also serve as a safeguard against Spain’s Catholic settlements. The British Crown viewed North American as a perfect opportunity for the British government to obtain raw materials, maintain the colonies as a captive market for finished products from Britain and to settle Britain’s poor citizens to ensure they would contribute to the nation’s wealth by their work in the colonies. The Middle Colonies in particular were well situated to serve as distribution centers for the English mercantilism system and also became a crossroads for new ideas in the colonies. In addition to the profit motive, many individuals came to North America to establish colonies for religious freedom. The new settlers encountered the Native populations as well as French and Spanish settlers. These encounters led to many unique and unfortunate histories for the early colonies such as Roanoke and Jamestown. However, Pennsylvania stood out as a remarkable colonial success. Unlike its sister colonies, it did not engage in violent encounters with the Native population. The Pennsylvania settlers traded with the Native peoples and with other countries such as the West Indies. This success may have been the result of the unique method of acquisition of the land by William Penn.
William Penn acquired the land called Pennsylvania, Penn’s Woods, through what means?
Penn fled the conservative Massachusetts Bay Colony to establish his more liberal colony in Pennsylvania
King Charles II sent William Penn to the Middle Colonies to establish a port colony for trade with the West Indies
King Charles II owed a vast sum of money to the Penn family and gave the land to William Penn to settle the debt
Penn purchased the land from the Native Americans
William Penn’s trading company negotiated with King Charles II to establish a trading colony in the Middle Colonies
King Charles II owed a vast sum of money to the Penn family and gave the land to William Penn to settle the debt
King Charles owed a large debt of $80,000.00 to William Penn’s father. Upon the death of William Penn's father, the King saw the opportunity to settle the debt with the family and establish a colony for religious and political outsiders and dissidents. William Penn saw this as an opportunity to settle in the New World and establish a colony that was based on human freedoms, with emphasis on religious freedom. He set in motion a democratic system of life in Pennsylvania. Though Penn was born into the Anglican faith, he felt drawn to the Quaker faith. After seeing the prosecution of the Quakers in England, he decided that his new land could become a refuge for the Quakers, some of whom had already settled in the area and welcomed Penn. Penn settled in the new land with the ideas of tolerance, common sense and what he called “the Holy Experiment”. While King Charles did not object to this and did have an interest in using the colonies as a profit making experience, it was not his primary intent in granting the land to Penn. The settlement of the debt was the primary motive for granting the land to Penn. Penn never lived in the Massachusetts Bay Colony; his sights were always set on Pennsylvania.
Example Question #2 : Geography, Environment, And Peopling 1608–1754
"For having protected, favored, and emboldened the Indians against his Majesty’s loyal subjects, never contriving, requiring, or appointing any due or proper means of satisfaction for their many invasions, robberies, and murders committed upon us."
- Declaration of Nathaniel Bacon, leader of a rebellion of former indentured servants against Governor William Berkeley, 1676
"I have lived 34 years amongst you, as uncorrupt and dilligent as ever Governor was, Bacon is a man of two years amongst you, his person and qualities unknown to most of you, and to all men else, by any virtuous action that ever I heard of...I will take Council of wiser men then my self, but Mr. Bacon hath none about him, but the lowest of the people."
- Governor Williams Berkeley, in response to Bacon's Rebellion, 1676
Which of the following best explains the role of Native Americans in the conflict at the heart of Bacon's Rebellion and other flare-ups within colonial society?
Native Americans often allied and intermarried with British colonial settlers, forcing the British government to ban the practice due to fear and racial prejudice
By this time, disease had wiped out most of the native population on the Eastern seaboard, meaning that white settlers had limited interaction with native peoples
Faced with swindling resources and violent, discriminatory actions by colonists, Native Americans often raided border settlements
Native Americans fought on the side of colonists against royal authorities
The threat of a Native American-Slave alliance in the southern colonies increased tensions among white settlers
Faced with swindling resources and violent, discriminatory actions by colonists, Native Americans often raided border settlements
The large number of British settlers combined with poor relations with native tribes led to violence between Native Americans and colonists, especially along the vulnerable frontier.
Example Question #3 : Geography, Environment, And Peopling 1608–1754
"For having protected, favored, and emboldened the Indians against his Majesty’s loyal subjects, never contriving, requiring, or appointing any due or proper means of satisfaction for their many invasions, robberies, and murders committed upon us."
- Declaration of Nathaniel Bacon, leader of a rebellion of former indentured servants against Governor William Berkeley, 1676
"I have lived 34 years amongst you, as uncorrupt and dilligent as ever Governor was, Bacon is a man of two years amongst you, his person and qualities unknown to most of you, and to all men else, by any virtuous action that ever I heard of...I will take Council of wiser men then my self, but Mr. Bacon hath none about him, but the lowest of the people."
- Governor Williams Berkeley, in response to Bacon's Rebellion, 1676
Indentured servitude was a major source of labor in which of the following colonial regions in the seventeenth century?
The southern colonies like South Carolina
The British West Indies like Barbados
French-held Caribbean island colonies like Saint-Domingue
The Chesapeake Bay and Middle colonies such as Virginia
The New England colonies like Massachusetts Bay
The Chesapeake Bay and Middle colonies such as Virginia
Particularly in Virginia, indentured servants were a significant source of labor under the headright system, unlike the Southern colonies that had adopted the chattel slavery institution as modeled by colonists in Barbados. Colonists in New England were much more likely to be small, independent land owners.
Example Question #4 : Geography, Environment, And Peopling 1608–1754
We know our Lands are now become more valuable. The white People think we do not know their Value’ but we are sensible that the Land is everlasting, and the few Goods we receive for it are soon worn out and gone… We are not well used with respect to the lands still unsold by us. Your People daily settle on these Lands, and spoil our Hunting. We must insist on your Removing them, as you know they have no Right to settle.
-Canassatego, Chief of the Onondaga Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy, speech to representatives of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, 1742.
The causes of the French and Indian War included all of the following EXCEPT __________.
competition over the trade
conflicted territorial claims
discovery of gold in the Appalachian Mountains
the movement into Ohio Valley
discovery of gold in the Appalachian Mountains
In North America, the underlying causes of Anglo- French issues were overlapping territorial claims and competition over the fur trade. These two causes led to French and their Indian allies raiding English frontier settlements. The final push towards war was dispute over the land in the valley of Ohio River. Both the English and French claimed this area and as colonists moved into the new region for settlement, the struggle increased. The struggle came to the colonies as The French and Indian War.
Example Question #14 : Ap Us History
Passage adapted from Richard Allen's "To Those Who Keep Slaves, and Approve the Practice" (1794)
"The judicious part of mankind will think it unreasonable that a superior good conduct is looked for from our race, by those who stigmatize us as men, whose baseness is incurable, and may therefore be held in a state of servitude, that a merciful man would not doom a beast to; yet you try what you can to prevent our rising from a state of barbarism you represent us to be in, but we can tell you from a degree of experience that a black man, although reduced to the most abject state human nature is capable of, short of real madness, can think, reflect, and feel injuries, although it may not be with the same degree of keen resentment and revenge that you who have been and are our great oppressors would manifest if reduced to the pitiable condition of a slave.
We believe if you would try the experiment of taking a few black children, and cultivate their minds with the same care, and let them have the same prospect in view as to living in the world, as you would wish for your own children, you would find upon the trial, they were not inferior in mental endowments."
To what group is Allen addressing his speech?
Northern Abolitionists
Southern Politicians
Southern Plantation Owners
Northern Manufacturers
Southern Plantation Owners
Richard Allen's speech is directed "To Those Who Keep Slaves," which indicates his concern is primarily with those who own slaves. While slavery was not strictly regionally confined before 1800, the large Southern plantations had already been established as the main places where slaves were held. In particular, the plantation system featured chattel slavery, which is reflected in Allen's language about slaves being kept in a state that "a merciful man would not doom a beast to."
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