According to Schacter and Singer, an essential component of the way we experience emotion is the labeling of physical sensations and feelings. The way we label emotions influence how we are able to cope with them and, depending on the label, it may even prolong the emotion.

"Display rules" are norms for the expression of emotion that differ from culture to culture. Examples of display rules include neutralizing (feeling an emotion but showing no emotion), masking (feeling an emotion but showing a different emotion), and intensification (feeling an emotion but showing it more intensely than it is felt). Exaggerating is not a key term associated with display rules.

Appraisal is how we interpret events, which affects and even determines the emotions that we feel about those events. Appraisal is a cognitive process and involves explaining and evaluating how and why an event occurred the way it did. Reappraisal involves reevaluating and re-explaining the meaning of an event and it is an effective way to change the emotions associated with the event. 

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that an event causes physical arousal in the body. The brain interprets this arousal. Afterwards, based on the specific reactions, the brain identifies the arousal as a certain emotion (i.e. fear, happiness, sadness, or anger). In this case, the correct answer follows this theory because it states that the physiological reaction will occur first and then the brain will alert the man indicating he is experiencing fear.

The Cannon-Bard theory states that the brain cannot rely on bodily responses to know which emotions it is experiencing. This is supported by the observation that a racing heart can indicate excitement, fear, or anger. 

The opponent-process theory states that one emotion elicits a feeling of the opposite emotion. While someone may initiate an argument to release his or her anger, this is not consistent with the opponent process theory of emotion. 

The Schachter two-factor theory of emotion posits that the experience of arousal (i.e. Ahmed’s increased heart rate and blood flow to the skin) is qualitatively identical in all instances and only differentiated into specific emotions as a result of cognitive evaluation and labeling of the situation at hand. James-Lange, on the other hand, posits that different emotions result from different patterns of arousal, while Cannon-Bard posits that arousal and emotion occur in parallel. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is not a theory of emotion, but of language.

The correct answer is that "the James-Lange theory says we have a physiological response and then we label it as an emotion, while Cannon-Bard theory says that we have an emotional response and we later feel the physiological response." The other answers are all incorrect, because they are either only half correct, or not correct at all. The Schacter-Singer theory says that we experience feelings and then label them, while Cognitive Appraisal theory says that we experience something, we think about it, and then we label it as an emotion. The other answers are all incorrect juxtapositions of different, incorrect theories or simply a switching of the two theories. 

The example with Aaron is the best choice. In the James-Lange view, an external stimulus creates a bodily change, and then that bodily change prompts the emotional experience (i.e. Aaron is afraid because his heart is beating quickly). Contrastingly, the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion posits that the stimulus triggers a response in the brain, which then contributes to the physiological (e.g. bodily changes) and subjective (e.g. “I must be feeling __________”) experiences of emotion at the same time. This is why the examples with Beatrice and Daniel both reflect the Cannon-Bard view. The example with Violet is related to the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion (also called the two-factor theory), which is harder to distinguish from the James-Lange theory. The “two factors” in this theory are autonomic arousal (ti.e. he heightened bodily response to an emotionally inductive stimulus) and cognitive appraisal (i.e. what you think about your body’s reaction). Since Violet thinks about her body’s reaction and determines she is excited, rather than instantly concluding her emotional state like Aaron did; therefore, she is demonstrating the Schachter-Singer theory.

Cannon-Bard theory states that we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling, and muscle tension simultaneously.