Afferent neurons, also known as sensory neurons, are the neurons that relay information to the central nervous system from the sensory organs. Efferent neurons are the motor neurons that carry the nerve impulses away from the central nervous system to the effectors. Interneurons are the neurons that transmit impulses between other neurons. 

Glial cells are specialized cells found in the central nervous system. Myelin sheaths are made up of glial cells that insulate the axon of a neuron.  

Dendrites are the part of the cell that receive information from other neurons and relay it to the cell body. This is easy to remember if you visualize a diagram of the neuron because dendrites look like branches coming out of the cell body. 

As for the other answers, axons transmit information to other neurons (as opposed to receiving it), cell branches do not exist (that was a trick answer choice because dendrites look like branches), the synapse is the slight gap between two neurons through which electrical signals pass, and the nucleus is the part of the cell body that contains chromosomes. 

Interneurons connect sensory neurons to motor neurons. 

It is motor neurons that help produce movement, sensory neurons that convey information from the outside world to the brain, myelin sheaths that insulate axons, and neurotransmitters that transmit information across the synapse. 

The time frame when a neuron cannot fire because it has just fired is called the refractory period. 

Action potentials travel down the axon to the axon terminal. When an action potential arrives in the axon terminal it signals the synaptic vesicles to move toward the cell membrane. The synaptic vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases neurotransmitter. 

Reuptake is a term used to describe the process of a neuron absorbing the remaining neurotransmitter back into the axon terminal for release. SSRIs used to treat depression, they function by inhibiting this reuptake process for serotonin.

Acetylcholine affects movement, learning, memory and REM sleep. It has an excitatory affect on skeletal muscle fiber and an inhibitory affect on heart muscle fibers. 

Serotonin affects mood, sleep, appetite, impulsivity and aggression. If a person's level of serotonin is too high or too low it could affect mood and aggression. Depression has been directly linked to serotonin levels, and the most regularly prescribed Anti-Depressant drugs (SSRIs) regulat the serotonin re-uptake process, thus elevating the serotonin levels in patients.

Acetylcholine is among one of the best understood neurotransmitters. Acetylcholine plays a part in learning, memory, and motor control. It's responsible for muscular contraction upon release and sensing by the cell receptors; therefore, it is usually found between motor neurons and skeletal muscles.