Freud's psychosexual stages use sexuality to explain personality and are named for the area of the body that children derive sexual pleasure from at that point in their development. In order, the stages are oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital. During the oral stage, the child derives pleasure from sucking and biting. During the anal stage, the child derives pleasure from excreting waste. During the phallic stage, pleasure is derived from the genitalia. During latency, sexual pleasure is repressed. Last, during the genital stage, pleasure is derived from sexual intercourse. If someone's desires are over-met or under-met during one of these stages, their libido—psychic energy—gets stuck, leading to a fixation. In this case, Doug’s need for oral pleasure was under-met, which lead to an oral fixation. 

As for the other choices, according to Freud, libido can get stuck but not lost; defense mechanisms are used by the ego to protect the conscious; and the ego—not a whole person—works according the pleasure principle (e.g. pleasure above all). 

The Anima is Jung's term for the feminine side of the male psyche. Jung saw this as an essential part of the male psyche and necessary for creative expression. It is associated with intuition and emotion. 

The correct answer is Shadow. Jung’s choice of the word "shadow" to name our primal instincts was used to emphasize its necessity, there can be no sun that does not leave a shadow. Our primal instincts are our basest instincts devoted to self-preservation and are aggressive and sexual in nature. Both Jung and Freud agreed such instincts can be channeled into other actions that can improve society. 

The Big Five personality traits, or the five-factor model of personality, are used by some social psychologists to describe an individual's personality. The five traits—which include openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism—are considered to be the five dimensions along which an individual's personality differs, relatively independently of the other dimensions (i.e. a person could score high on openness to experience, indicating that she is highly imaginative and curious, and low on neuroticism, indicating that she is relatively emotionally stable). The trait that was an answer choice in this question—“Agreeableness”—refers to one's tendency to be friendly and easy to get along with, as opposed to being argumentative or suspicious. A good acronym mnemonic for remembering the Big Five traits is OCEAN or CANOE.

"The ego acts as a moral compass and conscience, pointing one towards good" is incorrect as the moral compass refers to the superego. The ego, however, negotiates between the id and the environment as it realistically tries to fulfill urges of the id. 

Sigmund Freud is considered the father of psychoanalysis and developed several theories on human development. Freud believed that the human psyche contains the id, ego, and superego. According to this theory, the ego's job is to consider and mediate between the id and superego. Freud also believed that a significant portion of memories are unconscious, and psychoanalysis uses free association and dream interpretation to bring them into conscious awareness. Defense mechanisms help unconsciously keep away anxiety. He believed that repression was the most basic defense mechanism. Freud's theories are not associated with the idea of an inferiority complex. Alfred Adler was a Neo-Freudian who diverged from Freud's theories and suggested that humans are motivated by a striving for superiority but can be limited by inferiority feelings. 

Carl Rogers and the humanistic theory of personality hold that the individual is in a constantly changing environment, thereby constantly changing personality. In this way, Rogers and other humanistic theorists would disagree with the other assertions, as they would suggest that there are fixed traits within an individual's personality or overemphasize the role of the unconscious in determining how one behaves.

Jung's theory of collective unconscious is that we inherit unconscious desires and fears, which can be represented by a variety of recurring archetypes and instinctual impulses. In contrast to Freud, who saw the unconscious mind to primarily represent repressed sexual desires and memories specific to the individual, Jung saw it as a storehouse of individual, as well as ancestral, instincts and memories.

This was inspired by the fact that across many cultures, similar patterns and symbols come up in a recurring manner. The four primary symbols were that of the "persona" (our socially acceptable selves we present to the world), "anima/animus" (the traits we have in ourselves that represent our opposite sex), "shadow" (our creative and destructive selves), and "self" (our unique identities). Jung believed these were manifested in varying ways across cultures in religion, dreams, art, and culture. 

According to Freud, the human mind includes the id, ego, and superego. The id is unconscious and governed by the pleasure principle. It seeks immediate gratification of its needs. The superego is both conscious and unconscious. It is the moral part of the mind and motivated to do what is right and wrong. The ego is governed by the reality principle and seeks to negotiate between the id and the superego. It typically develops between ages two and three. Oral and genital refer to stages in Freud's psychosexual theory of development. 

The Myers-Briggs Test classifies people into 16 different personality types based on four personality dimensions: extraversion-intraversion, intuition-sensation, thought-feeling, and judgment-perception