Natural selection is a term coined by Charles Darwin that states that the biological and physical traits that lead to an organism's increased survival and reproduction will be the traits that will eventually be passed onto future generations. All of the answer choices accurately describe concepts surrounding the idea of natural selection.

Adaptation is an inherited characteristic that increased in a population because it helped solve a problem of survival or reproduction during the time it emerged. For an octopus, blending into their environment is a way to increase survival because predators are less likely to notice the octopus. 

Fitness also has to do with evolutionary psychology, but it refers to the reproductive success of an organism. Heritability also sounds like it might be a correct answer because the adaptive ability of blending in might be a trait that was inherited; however, heritability has to do with measuring the tendency for a particular trait to be passed down to a future generation.

Adaptation is best described as inherited characteristics that increase in a population because it helped to solve a problem of survival when it emerged. Adaptation is a process that occurs through natural selection, which is described as heritable characteristics that provide a survival advantage are more likely than other characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations. The two concepts are very similar, but an organism's adaptation is the result of the natural selection process. The reproductive success of an individual organism relative to the average reproductive success in the population is best understood as that organism's fitness. The remaining option of decreasing the probability of an organism's chance of survival or reproduction is not in line with evolutionary theory, which posits that organisms are becoming increasingly complex and adaptable. 

Evolutionary psychology attempts to explain psychological phenomena under the lens of natural selection. "Kin selection" is the evolutionary strategy that favors the reproductive success of one's biological relatives as opposed to strangers. All of the other answer choices are not associated with the field of evolutionary psychology. 

Charles Darwin believed that organisms produce a greater number of individuals each generation than can actually survive; furthermore, he theorized that those who survived would pass their favorable traits onto future generations. This concept developed into natural selection, a core tenet of evolutionary psychology. 

Wernicke's area deals largely with understanding written and spoken speech. A patient with damage to this structure will have difficulty understanding what is said, even though they themselves have retained many of their own speech abilities. Due to the problem of misunderstanding most incoming information, the affected person's speech usually carries no meaning, although it maintains the normal inflections and cadence of regular speech.

Cones are photoreceptor cells that process color images. Different types of cones process different wavelengths of light. A difficiency in one type of receptor can result in an inability to process certain wavelengths, leading to colorblindness.

Rods are photoreceptor cells that process black and white images; they are also credited with our ability to see in the dark. The retina is a light-sensitive tissue that lines the inner eye and creates the image of what comes through the front part of the eye. Rods and cones are both located in the retina. The lens is a transparent, biconvex structure that refracts light to be focused on the retina.

Endorphins are neurotransmitters linked to reduced pain and increased pleasure. They are natural, meaning that they are synthesized and exist in the body, and are released in response to external pain (e.g., endorphins are released when you hit your head). 

Damage to Broca's area causes expressive aphasia, or "Broca's aphasia." People who suffer from this type of aphasia are unable to form grammatical sentences fluidly; their speech is instead labored and halting. Because the patient is unable to form full sentences easily, he likely sustained injury to Broca's area.

We can tell that the patient did not injure Wernike’s area because we are told that he is still able to understand language. People who have Wernike's area injuries suffer from a different kind of aphasia, "receptive aphasia" or "Wernike's aphasia"; these individuals are not able to understand language, though they can form full sentences. One can think of expressive aphasia as a disruption of syntax that leaves semantics intact, and of receptive aphasia as a disruption of semantics leaving syntax intact.

None of the other answer choices are as specifically related to the abilities to produce and understand language as are Broca's area and Wernike's area; the basal ganglia helps to control motor functions and voluntary movements, the corpus callosum connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain, and the hippocampus helps regulate long-term memory.

The cerebellum, as well as the basal ganglia and motor cortex, are responsible for procedural, or muscle memory. Whereas the hippocampus is associated with semantic, spacial, and episodic memory, the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and motor cortex are associated with motor control. Procedural memory is also known as non-declarative or implicit (rather than explicit) memory because a person cannot say, but can demonstrate their acquisition of skill. For example, if an individual with a driver's license suffers an injury to their hippocampus and suffers from amnesia, they may still retain the ability to drive a car due to muscle memory in the cerebellum.