In opposition to behaviorists such as B.F. Skinner, Noam Chomsky argued that humans are born with the ability to acquire language. He put forth the idea that all humans, regardless of socio-cultural differences, have the same naturally underlying language learning abilities.

This question requires knowledge of the definitions of phonemes and morphemes-- two elements of speech. Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that are recognizable as human speech and make words distinct from one another, such as the "p" at the beginning of the word "pat" that distinguishes "pat" from "bat" and "hat." Morphemes, on the other hand, are the smallest meaningful units of sound; after all, the sound made by the letter P doesn't really mean anything by itself. Examples of morphemes include the "-ed" on the end of the word "finished."

This connection between language and perception is an example of Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis, which explains that the language we speak (20 words for red) affects our perception (ability to differentiate between shades of red) relative to people who speak other languages (other cultures).

As for the other answers, interactionist theory states that social interactions as well as an innate predisposition for language lead to language acquisition. Nativist theory states that an innate predisposition for language leads to language acquisition. Skinner's reinforcement theory states that systems of conditioning (parents encouraging correct speech and discouraging incorrect speech) lead to language acquisition. Grammar is the system of rules that dictates the correct ways to combine words, clauses, and phrases. 

Telegraphic speech is most common amongst toddlers, where nouns and verbs are combined with little to no conjugation, determiners, prepositions or auxiliary words. Hence, the correct answer is "Truck go" since there is no other grammatical categories present except a noun and a verb, as well as no verb conjugation. Although "Go go Power Rangers" seems like a viable answer, this is idiomatic speech as well as technically grammatically correct--the "go"s are used in the imperative sense.

Behaviorists believe that all human behavior can be explained by our tendency to seek reward and avoid punishment. They expanded this view into language acquisition and believe children are only motivated to learn languages because of the positive social reinforcement it brings.

Noam Chomsky, a famous linguist, was the one to propose that a language acquisition device resides in the brain, which we inherit through our biological make-up. The others listed as answers were certainly theorists in their own right though the only one close to a linguistics theorist was J.M. Skinner. Skinner believed that language was acquired through behavioral reinforcement as opposed to any innate predisposition, which directly contradicts Chomsky's theory.

The language acquisition device is a theoretical component of our brains that is responsible for acquiring language according to innate universal linguistic properties. It is responsible for giving the child universal properties and rules of language to test out in order to acquire competency in their native language. The most important and revolutionary aspect of this idea is that is proposes that language learning is an innate part of our biological make-up, it is not something we simply learn entirely by ourselves.

Broca’s area controls language expression and the muscle movements involved in speech. If it is damaged, then the ability to speak can be hindered or lost. 

A phoneme is the smallest distinguishable unit in language. This unit may have many different representations according to their phonetic environment. For instance, /f/ is a phoneme in English. /f/ sounds more like a "v" in "of" (ov) and a "f" in "forget" (forget). The phoneme still remains /f/ despite the variety in representations.

The correct answer was this: the article "the" must come before a noun due to the rule concerning proper noun phrases in English. Syntax is primarily concerned with how to combine words according to the grammatical rules of a language. For instance, according to the syntax of English, determiners will always come before both the adjective and noun in a noun phrase. Hence, we say "the happy dog" instead of "dog happy the".