Robert Hooke was an English scientist in the seventeenth century who, among other things, pioneered work in the field of microbiology. He was the first man to employ the term “cell” to describe the composition of organisms that he observed under a microscope.

The first reliable mercury thermometer was invented by the German scientist Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1714. The scale used to measure temperature was later altered by the Swedish scientist Anders Celsius, who set the freezing point of water at zero and the boiling point at one hundred and created the Celsius temperature measurement system. Lord Kelvin is famous for inventing the Kelvin scale that sets its zero point at absolute zero, the lowest possible temperature attainable before matter becomes completely motionless and devoid of energy.

Kepler, Copernicus, and Galileo were all notable astronomers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Collectively they did a great deal to advance our understanding of the Earth’s place in the solar system and in the universe. Copernicus was the first to prove, mathematically (his work improved upon by Kepler), that the sun, not the Earth, was the centre of the solar system. For their efforts, all three of these men had to fear intense church retribution when publishing their works.

The “uncertainty principle” states that you can never simultaneously know the position and velocity of an electron; you can only know one or the other at a time. Essentially, if you know how fast it is moving, you do not know where it is, and vice versa. The exact reasons for this are too complicated to go into here, but the important thing to note is that the nature of this discovery is critical to understanding the scientific perspective of the first half of the twentieth century. The absolute faith in the power of science to explain the workings of the universe was being questioned anew, as science was creating more questions than answers.

During the fourteenth and fifteenth century the Italian city-states (Florence, Milan, Pisa, Venice, Genoa, et al.) were the center of trade between Europe and Asia. As the volume of trade grew so too did the interaction between people of various cultures. Middle Eastern mathematics and technology were introduced into European society, as was eastern philosophy.

CERN was established 1954 on the border between Switzerland and France. It is a pan-European cooperative venture designed to encourage scientific innovation and a pooling of research and resources. It is currently the world’s largest particle physics laboratory and is also where the World Wide Web was implemented.

Britain had a number of environmental factors which put them in the lead over other nations when it came to industrializing. The island of Great Britain had large reserves of coal for fuel burning that was easily accessible. The British government also exerted extreme control over its populace, leading to large-scale industrial and manufacturing operations. Thirdly, Britain was a small country in comparison to most in Western Europe, and its small but relatively wealthy population helped facilitate industrial modernization. 

The Ptolemaic system of the solar system was developed by a classical-era Roman scholar named Claudius Ptolemy. It is more often referred to as the geocentric model of the universe, or the geocentric model of the solar system. It was widely influential throughout the Middle Ages and the Renaissance period as the primary model for understanding the movement of the planets and the sun. According to this model of the solar system, the Earth is at the center and all the other planets, the sun, and the stars revolve around the Earth. This was later disproved by Copernicus, who postulated the heliocentric model of the solar system in which the planets revolve around the sun.

The introduction of the printing press into European societies around 1440 CE allowed for the publication and proliferation of Bibles and other works of religious literature. While the other answers refer to events (very) roughly contemporaneous with the advent of the printing press, none can logically be considered consequences of it.

The Scientific Revolution saw scientific writing published in the vernacular, which encouraged the spread of ideas outside of academia. This was a period when scientists embraced the power of reason and observation, which led to the increased acceptance of the heliocentric model of the solar system, rather than the geocentric model.

The Scientific Revolution saw the development of deductive reasoning (typified by the work of Rene Descartes) and inductive reasoning (typified by the work of Sir Francis Bacon).

While there were tensions between some scientists and the church, all learning was not secularized in this period and some, like Bacon, remained devout in their religious beliefs and practice.