Vessel elements are a cell type contained within xylem tissue of angiosperms. Vessel elements aid in the transport of water and minerals. Morphologically, vessel elements are described as hollow tubular cells that have thick cell walls and are open at both ends.

Phloem is a type of tissue in vascular plants that transports organic nutrients. Among other components, phloem contains sieve elements, parenchyma cells, and supportive cells.

Vessel elements are cells in phloem tissue that are technically dead. Upon maturation, the living material in the cells disappears while the cell wall remains; the cells are dead; however, sieve tube elements contain living tissue.

Companion cells are a type of specialized parenchyma cells in vascular plants. They contain a large number of ribosomes and mitochondria and perform cellular functions for sieve-tube elements, which they are connected to by plasmodesmata.

Xylem are water-conducting cells that transport water and nutrients. They die at maturity and leave behind secondary walls. Phloem transports sugars through sieve-tube elements, but do not have nuclei, ribosomes, and vacuoles. However, phloem remains alive at maturity. 

Plants grow so as to maximize the elongation of their stems as much as possible. Cells on the lighter side of the stem are already being provided with photosynthetic energy, while cells on the darker side are receiving less of this energy input. This causes the cells on the darker side to elongate toward the energy source. When one side of the stem is longer than the other, it causes a curve in the growth, resulting in a directionality of the growth of the stem.

Fibrous root systems are common in seedless vascular plants and in most monocots, such as grasses. Many small roots grow from the stem of the plant and are considered adventitious (a term describing a plant organ that grows in an unusual location). 

Fibrous roots have no main root and do not penetrate deeply into the soil, usually penetrating only a few centimeters. As such, fibrous root systems are best adapted to shallow soil. This also helps prevent erosion, as the shallow, highly-branched roots hold the topsoil in place. 

Stems are one of the three basic plant organs, and consist of an alternating system of nodes (where leaves attach) and internodes (regions of the stem that span between nodes).

Some plants have evolved to have stems with additional functions, such as the ability to store food or to participate in asexual reproduction. These modified stems include rhizomes, bulbs, tubers and stolons.  

A rhizome is a horizontal shoot of the plant that grows just below the surface. Vertical shoots (and resulting leaves) grow from axillary buds on the rhizome. Examples of plants with rhizomes include irises, hops, and asparagus. 

The root cap occurs on the end of any root. It protects the tip of a plant's root. Specifically, it protects the apical meristem of the plant, which lengthens the root and helps it grow. Also root cap secretes a polysaccharide slime called mucilage. The zone of elongation does occur in roots, but it is not contained to the root cap. The root cap grows towards the pull of gravity. The root cap occurs only on the tip of the root, not over the entire surface of the root. These cells only protect the root; they are not xylem cells, which function in transport of water and nutrients from the roots up to the leaves.

Roots are usually underground and not exposed to sunlight, do not usually contain chlorophyll, thus they do not perform photosynthesis. However, roots do provide stabiity, obtain water and nutrients from the soil, and store carbohydrates.