Natural selection is defined as survival and reproduction based on a specific phenotype. Phenotypes that increase reproductive fitness are “selected for” on different levels. Natural selection can take place on different levels of biological organization including gene, individual, and group levels.

Frequency-dependent selection is a type of natural selection in which the fitness of a phenotype depends on frequency. This includes positive frequency-dependent selection—fitness of a phenotype increases when it is common—and negative frequency-dependent selection—fitness of a phenotype decreases when it is common.

The r-selection strategy for reproduction is typically seen in environments that are very volatile and unpredicatable. It has a variety of characteristics including high brood sizes with a high mortality rate, and fast maturation with very little parental assistance. Low brood sizes are typically seen in the k-selection strategy for reproduction.

Biological fitness is directly related to the ability of an organism to survive and produce future progeny. There are a lot of factors that will play into an organism's fitness, especially in a harsh place like the tundra. Small size can be beneficial, as smaller animals require less food and can survive better in harsh environments, but large size can be beneficial to help preserve body heat. The color of an animal will help it to hide from predators; many tundra animals are white to help them blend in to the snow. Thermoregulation is extremely important in a cold environment; endotherms are able to regulate their own internal temperature, and will survive better than exotherms, which would be affected by the cold temperature of the air. Finally, fur and feathers help to trap body heat close to the skin and would enhance the fitness of animals in a cold environment.

Size, color, mode of thermoregulation, and fur all impact an animal's ability to survive in the tundra. Nocturnal activity, however, would not necessarily be favored over diurnal activity, as there is no clear advantage of one over the other in this specific environment.

With regard to evolution and natural selection, fitness refers only to the ability of an organism to contribute to the next generation of its species. In other words, if an organism has a large number of viable offspring, its fitness is high, regardless of other factors like strength, size, and longevity.

Of these answer choices, the only organism with an above-average number of healthy, surviving offspring is the prairie dog. The mule and the dog have below-average fitness because they cannot give birth. The turtle also has below-average fitness because it produces an unusually low number of healthy offspring. The human male has average to below-average fitness; certain traits made him choose not to produce offspring, though he may have been able to produce numerous offspring.

Homeostasis is the tendency of the body to maintain stable, constant states. Homeostasis is often mediated by negative feedback systems, which prevent the measure from getting too high or too low. Regulation of body temperature within a narrow range would be an example of homeostatic regulation. Other examples include blood glucose concentration and blood calcium concentration.

Metabolism refers to the chemical processes of the body. These processes can help maintain homeostasis, but are not directly responsible for body regulation.

Innate behavior is known as inflexible behavior, in which learning plays no role in the behavior. Communicating, courtship, and decision making all rely on learned behavior from the environment. 

The most biologically fit organism is one that produces the most fertile offspring. Lifespan can correlate to the number of offspring produced, but is not a direct factor in determining fitness.

Since the organism that lives 36 years produced the most offspring (6), it is the most biologically fit.

In evolutionary terms, “fitness” refers to the reproductive success or reproductive potential of an organism—its contribution to its species' gene pool.

Batesian mimicry involves a harmless species mimicking an unpalatable or harmful species, such as the butterfly in the example. Mullerian mimicry involves two unpalatable or harmful species resembling each other. This also helps predators learn which types of species to avoid. Cryptic coloration is more simply known as camouflage. Aposematic coloration is warning coloration, such as bright colors on poisonous tree frogs or venomous snakes.