Pinocytosis is the uptake of extracellular fluids. The cell accomplishes this by creating vesicles from the cell membrane around droplets of extracellular fluid and carrying them inside the cell. This process is unspecific in which substances it carries into the cell (not receptor-mediated). Exocytosis involves the same concept, but in the other direction (from inside the cell out). Simple diffusion does not involve the creation of vesicles, rather it involves substances freely diffusing through the plasma membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration without the net input of energy.    

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts convert energy to work in eukaryotes. Mitochondria are the sites for the catabolic process that creates ATP in animals. In plants, chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis where solar energy is converted to chemical energy.  

Cristae are found in mitochondria. Mitochondria are enclosed by an envelope of two membranes. The inner membrane is convoluted with infoldings called cristae. This is an adaption that increases the surface area of the inner membrane of the mitochondria so that ATP synthesis can be maximized. The chloroplast equivalent of cristea are the thylakoid membranes. The stroma is the matrix equivalent of the chloroplast. The plasma membrane is not nearly as convoluted as the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The chromosomes are the threadlike structures that contain genetic information.  Rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis.  Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis.  The Golgi apparatus is involved in modification and delivering of proteins within the cell and for secretion outside the cell.

The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments in eukaryotic cells that helps the cell to maintain its shape.  Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis.  DNA is the genetic code molecules in the nucleus.  RNA is involved in protein synthesis.

In active transport, the cell uses energy (ATP) through the protein pumps to move molecules across the membrane.  This process does not involve osmosis, which is a form of passive transport.

Circular DNA is found in all of listed answer choices. Viruses contain short, linear or circular genomes (either RNA or DNA). Recall that mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA, which is evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory of evolution in which these organelles were once independent prokaryotic organisms. A plasmid itself is a circular piece of DNA.

In eukarytoic cells, the nucleolus is located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

Microtubules are hollow rods made up of thousands tubulin protein subunits. There form long tube-like structures in the cell and are responsible for guiding the movement of organelles. Note that microtubules have other functions such as guiding chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis via the spindle fibers, which are made of microtubules.

A vegetarian diet without the proper supplements places one at risk for anemia. Without the proper amount of protein, iron, folate, and vitamin B12, the body is unable to produce enough red blood cells. To compensate, inactive bone marrows will be reactivated. The activity of the hematopoietic stem cells will lower the concentration of the fat cells in the bone marrow.