The Republic is one of Plato's better known works, and in it he posits the ideal form of government and famously explores the idea of the philosopher king, so that would be the best choice. Democracy and Theology do not refer to any one work, but rather to entire systems of government, and as such they would not be good choices. Finally, Gorgias is a Socratic dialogue, and while it was recorded by Plato it was not his work directly, nor did it discuss social organization, so it would not be a good answer.

Plato’s Republic was written in the fourth century BCE. It is one of the most important philosophical works of all time and remains widely influential today. The Republic is written in the style of a Socratic dialogue. It focuses on questions of justice in Greek society and how to most justly govern a society.

The Greek Goddess Demeter was believed to have introduced agriculture to the Greek people. She was revered as the Goddess of fertility and the harvest, and was the subject of cult-like worship in many ancient Greek societies.

Alexander III - or Alexander the Great - was personally tutored by Aristotle before he ascended the throne and went on to conquer the Persian empire, so he would be the best choice. Philip II was Alexander's father and he hired Aristotle, although he was not tutored himself, so he would not be a good choice. Leonidas of Sparta did not have any particular ties to Aristotle nor did he conquer the Persians, so he would not be a good answer. Julius Caesar was Roman and lived many centuries after Aristotle, so he too would not be a good answer. Lastly, Emperor Xerxes ruled the Persian empire and did not conquer it, so he would not be a good choice either.

Alexander III - also known as Alexander the Great - unified mainland Greece and then used it as a jumping-off point to conquer the known world, so he would be the best choice. Philip II never conquered the Persian empire, so he would not be a good choice. Bother Darius III and Xerxes were Persian emperors themselves, and so did not conquer their own empire, so neither of them would be good answers.

Philip II took the throne in Macedon in the mid-fourth century BCE, in the aftermath of the Peloponnesian War (which had greatly weakened the power of the Greek city-states). Philip II made a series of reforms of Macedonian society and greatly strengthened the military. His conquests and defeat of nearby rivals paved the way for the rapid expansion of Macedon under his brilliant young son, Alexander the Great.

Gytheon was a port town used by Sparta to access the Mediterranean. Notably, Gytheon was very hard to invade by sea because of the dangerous conditions in and around that area. As a result, Spartans never became adept sailors or merchants, and instead focused on developing their land-based military.

King Oedipus blinded himself when he discovered that (unbeknownst to him), he had murdered his father and married his mother. He was so upset that he blinded himself in shame. It is helpful to remember that there is a concept in psychology called the "Oedipus Complex," which describes an individual's sexual attraction to the parent of the opposite sex. This concept is derived from the story of King Oedipus. 

Jason and the Argonauts were searching for the Golden Fleece. When Jason was a baby his throne was stolen by his half-uncle Pelias. As an adult, Jason challenged Pelias for the throne and Pelias only agreed to step down if Jason presented him with the mythical Golden Fleece.

Epicurus was a Greek philosopher who lived in the fourth and third centuries BCE in Athens. He is most famous for founding the school of philosophy, Epicureanism, which bears his name. Epicurus advocated for a philosophy built around the pursuit of pleasure through knowledge acquisition. He sought freedom from fear and release from pain.