In contrast to prokaryotes, eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles that allow their cell(s) to compartmentalize different cellular functions. These different functions, which occur only within membrane-bound organelles, include the synthesis and breakdown of different macronutrients fatty acids and proteins. Other processes like glycolysis (the breakdown of carbohydrates) and nucleic acid breakdown can occur outside membrane-bound organelles. Synthesizing different macronutrients is known as anabolism, while breaking down these same nutrients into Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP) is called catabolism.

Macronutrient anabolism and catabolism are balanced by the supply of available energy. In the fed state, where a high concentration of sugar is dissolved in your blood stream, the body prefers to use glucose as its energy source through a pathway called glycolysis. When the supply of glucose in the blood runs low, however, the liver is able to synthesize new glucose in a process called gluconeogenesis. In gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate, the product of another cycle called the Krebs Cycle is used as the starting point to run glycolysis in reverse, making a new glucose molecule. When these precursors needed to initiate gluconeogenesis run low, the body then turns to the catabolism of proteins and free fatty acids.

Proteins, composed of strands of amino acids, are broken down to generate ATP and oxaloacetate. People who have not eaten for an extended period of time experience low muscle mass due to catabolism of skeletal muscle proteins. Only after available protein is broken down does beta oxidation of free fatty acids begin.

Beta oxidation uses free fatty acids floating in the blood to generate the greatest amount of ATP per gram of starting material of any of the macronutrients. Carried out by enzymes called lipases, beta oxidation splits a long fatty acid chain into two carbon units called acetyl-CoA. Per acetyl-CoA that enters the Krebs Cycle, three NADH and one FADH₂ are produced that enter the Electron Transport Chain to drive ATP production. 1 NADH molecule can generate 3 ATP, while 1 FADH₂ molecule can generate 2 ATP. Lipases continue to cleave acetyl-COA units off the parent lipid chain until it either produces its last acetyl-CoA molecule or ends in a 3 carbon molecule called propyl-CoA. Propyl-CoA can further undergo catabolism to yield one final acetyl-CoA molecule.

Prokaryotes would be expected to undergo which of the following processes based on the passage?

In contrast to prokaryotes, eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles that allow their cell(s) to compartmentalize different cellular functions. These different functions, which occur only within membrane-bound organelles, include the synthesis and breakdown of different macronutrients fatty acids and proteins. Other processes like glycolysis (the breakdown of carbohydrates) and nucleic acid breakdown can occur outside membrane-bound organelles. Synthesizing different macronutrients is known as anabolism, while breaking down these same nutrients into Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP) is called catabolism.

Macronutrient anabolism and catabolism are balanced by the supply of available energy. In the fed state, where a high concentration of sugar is dissolved in your blood stream, the body prefers to use glucose as its energy source through a pathway called glycolysis. When the supply of glucose in the blood runs low, however, the liver is able to synthesize new glucose in a process called gluconeogenesis. In gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate, the product of another cycle called the Krebs Cycle is used as the starting point to run glycolysis in reverse, making a new glucose molecule. When these precursors needed to initiate gluconeogenesis run low, the body then turns to the catabolism of proteins and free fatty acids.

Proteins, composed of strands of amino acids, are broken down to generate ATP and oxaloacetate. People who have not eaten for an extended period of time experience low muscle mass due to catabolism of skeletal muscle proteins. Only after available protein is broken down does beta oxidation of free fatty acids begin.

Beta oxidation uses free fatty acids floating in the blood to generate the greatest amount of ATP per gram of starting material of any of the macronutrients. Carried out by enzymes called lipases, beta oxidation splits a long fatty acid chain into two carbon units called acetyl-CoA. Per acetyl-CoA that enters the Krebs Cycle, three NADH and one FADH₂ are produced that enter the Electron Transport Chain to drive ATP production. 1 NADH molecule can generate 3 ATP, while 1 FADH₂ molecule can generate 2 ATP. Lipases continue to cleave acetyl-COA units off the parent lipid chain until it either produces its last acetyl-CoA molecule or ends in a 3 carbon molecule called propyl-CoA. Propyl-CoA can further undergo catabolism to yield one final acetyl-CoA molecule.

According to the passage, which process(es) require membrane-bound organelles to occur?

In contrast to prokaryotes, eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles that allow their cell(s) to compartmentalize different cellular functions. These different functions, which occur only within membrane-bound organelles, include the synthesis and breakdown of different macronutrients fatty acids and proteins. Other processes like glycolysis (the breakdown of carbohydrates) and nucleic acid breakdown can occur outside membrane-bound organelles. Synthesizing different macronutrients is known as anabolism, while breaking down these same nutrients into Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP) is called catabolism.

Macronutrient anabolism and catabolism are balanced by the supply of available energy. In the fed state, where a high concentration of sugar is dissolved in your blood stream, the body prefers to use glucose as its energy source through a pathway called glycolysis. When the supply of glucose in the blood runs low, however, the liver is able to synthesize new glucose in a process called gluconeogenesis. In gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate, the product of another cycle called the Krebs Cycle is used as the starting point to run glycolysis in reverse, making a new glucose molecule. When these precursors needed to initiate gluconeogenesis run low, the body then turns to the catabolism of proteins and free fatty acids.

Proteins, composed of strands of amino acids, are broken down to generate ATP and oxaloacetate. People who have not eaten for an extended period of time experience low muscle mass due to catabolism of skeletal muscle proteins. Only after available protein is broken down does beta oxidation of free fatty acids begin.

Beta oxidation uses free fatty acids floating in the blood to generate the greatest amount of ATP per gram of starting material of any of the macronutrients. Carried out by enzymes called lipases, beta oxidation splits a long fatty acid chain into two carbon units called acetyl-CoA. Per acetyl-CoA that enters the Krebs Cycle, three NADH and one FADH₂ are produced that enter the Electron Transport Chain to drive ATP production. 1 NADH molecule can generate 3 ATP, while 1 FADH₂ molecule can generate 2 ATP. Lipases continue to cleave acetyl-COA units off the parent lipid chain until it either produces its last acetyl-CoA molecule or ends in a 3 carbon molecule called propyl-CoA. Propyl-CoA can further undergo catabolism to yield one final acetyl-CoA molecule.

In a fasting state, where a person had not eaten recently, the concentration of glucose in the blood is expected to be which of the following?

In contrast to prokaryotes, eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles that allow their cell(s) to compartmentalize different cellular functions. These different functions, which occur only within membrane-bound organelles, include the synthesis and breakdown of different macronutrients fatty acids and proteins. Other processes like glycolysis (the breakdown of carbohydrates) and nucleic acid breakdown can occur outside membrane-bound organelles. Synthesizing different macronutrients is known as anabolism, while breaking down these same nutrients into Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP) is called catabolism.

Macronutrient anabolism and catabolism are balanced by the supply of available energy. In the fed state, where a high concentration of sugar is dissolved in your blood stream, the body prefers to use glucose as its energy source through a pathway called glycolysis. When the supply of glucose in the blood runs low, however, the liver is able to synthesize new glucose in a process called gluconeogenesis. In gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate, the product of another cycle called the Krebs Cycle is used as the starting point to run glycolysis in reverse, making a new glucose molecule. When these precursors needed to initiate gluconeogenesis run low, the body then turns to the catabolism of proteins and free fatty acids.

Proteins, composed of strands of amino acids, are broken down to generate ATP and oxaloacetate. People who have not eaten for an extended period of time experience low muscle mass due to catabolism of skeletal muscle proteins. Only after available protein is broken down does beta oxidation of free fatty acids begin.

Beta oxidation uses free fatty acids floating in the blood to generate the greatest amount of ATP per gram of starting material of any of the macronutrients. Carried out by enzymes called lipases, beta oxidation splits a long fatty acid chain into two carbon units called acetyl-CoA. Per acetyl-CoA that enters the Krebs Cycle, three NADH and one FADH₂ are produced that enter the Electron Transport Chain to drive ATP production. 1 NADH molecule can generate 3 ATP, while 1 FADH₂ molecule can generate 2 ATP. Lipases continue to cleave acetyl-COA units off the parent lipid chain until it either produces its last acetyl-CoA molecule or ends in a 3 carbon molecule called propyl-CoA. Propyl-CoA can further undergo catabolism to yield one final acetyl-CoA molecule.

A newly discovered species does not have the enzymes necessary to run the Krebs Cycle. What effect would this have on the level of glucose found in this organism’s blood compared to an organism that could run the Krebs Cycle?

In contrast to prokaryotes, eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles that allow their cell(s) to compartmentalize different cellular functions. These different functions, which occur only within membrane-bound organelles, include the synthesis and breakdown of different macronutrients fatty acids and proteins. Other processes like glycolysis (the breakdown of carbohydrates) and nucleic acid breakdown can occur outside membrane-bound organelles. Synthesizing different macronutrients is known as anabolism, while breaking down these same nutrients into Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP) is called catabolism.

Macronutrient anabolism and catabolism are balanced by the supply of available energy. In the fed state, where a high concentration of sugar is dissolved in your blood stream, the body prefers to use glucose as its energy source through a pathway called glycolysis. When the supply of glucose in the blood runs low, however, the liver is able to synthesize new glucose in a process called gluconeogenesis. In gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate, the product of another cycle called the Krebs Cycle is used as the starting point to run glycolysis in reverse, making a new glucose molecule. When these precursors needed to initiate gluconeogenesis run low, the body then turns to the catabolism of proteins and free fatty acids.

Proteins, composed of strands of amino acids, are broken down to generate ATP and oxaloacetate. People who have not eaten for an extended period of time experience low muscle mass due to catabolism of skeletal muscle proteins. Only after available protein is broken down does beta oxidation of free fatty acids begin.

Beta oxidation uses free fatty acids floating in the blood to generate the greatest amount of ATP per gram of starting material of any of the macronutrients. Carried out by enzymes called lipases, beta oxidation splits a long fatty acid chain into two carbon units called acetyl-CoA. Per acetyl-CoA that enters the Krebs Cycle, three NADH and one FADH₂ are produced that enter the Electron Transport Chain to drive ATP production. 1 NADH molecule can generate 3 ATP, while 1 FADH₂ molecule can generate 2 ATP. Lipases continue to cleave acetyl-COA units off the parent lipid chain until it either produces its last acetyl-CoA molecule or ends in a 3 carbon molecule called propyl-CoA. Propyl-CoA can further undergo catabolism to yield one final acetyl-CoA molecule.

Which macronutrient may be used to form glucose through the process of gluconeogenesis?

In contrast to prokaryotes, eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles that allow their cell(s) to compartmentalize different cellular functions. These different functions, which occur only within membrane-bound organelles, include the synthesis and breakdown of different macronutrients fatty acids and proteins. Other processes like glycolysis (the breakdown of carbohydrates) and nucleic acid breakdown can occur outside membrane-bound organelles. Synthesizing different macronutrients is known as anabolism, while breaking down these same nutrients into Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP) is called catabolism.

Macronutrient anabolism and catabolism are balanced by the supply of available energy. In the fed state, where a high concentration of sugar is dissolved in your blood stream, the body prefers to use glucose as its energy source through a pathway called glycolysis. When the supply of glucose in the blood runs low, however, the liver is able to synthesize new glucose in a process called gluconeogenesis. In gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate, the product of another cycle called the Krebs Cycle is used as the starting point to run glycolysis in reverse, making a new glucose molecule. When these precursors needed to initiate gluconeogenesis run low, the body then turns to the catabolism of proteins and free fatty acids.

Proteins, composed of strands of amino acids, are broken down to generate ATP and oxaloacetate. People who have not eaten for an extended period of time experience low muscle mass due to catabolism of skeletal muscle proteins. Only after available protein is broken down does beta oxidation of free fatty acids begin.

Beta oxidation uses free fatty acids floating in the blood to generate the greatest amount of ATP per gram of starting material of any of the macronutrients. Carried out by enzymes called lipases, beta oxidation splits a long fatty acid chain into two carbon units called acetyl-CoA. Per acetyl-CoA that enters the Krebs Cycle, three NADH and one FADH₂ are produced that enter the Electron Transport Chain to drive ATP production. 1 NADH molecule can generate 3 ATP, while 1 FADH₂ molecule can generate 2 ATP. Lipases continue to cleave acetyl-COA units off the parent lipid chain until it either produces its last acetyl-CoA molecule or ends in a 3 carbon molecule called propyl-CoA. Propyl-CoA can further undergo catabolism to yield one final acetyl-CoA molecule.

In a person who has not eaten for an extended period of time, which process is most likely providing necessary ATP for bodily functions?

In contrast to prokaryotes, eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles that allow their cell(s) to compartmentalize different cellular functions. These different functions, which occur only within membrane-bound organelles, include the synthesis and breakdown of different macronutrients fatty acids and proteins. Other processes like glycolysis (the breakdown of carbohydrates) and nucleic acid breakdown can occur outside membrane-bound organelles. Synthesizing different macronutrients is known as anabolism, while breaking down these same nutrients into Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP) is called catabolism.

Macronutrient anabolism and catabolism are balanced by the supply of available energy. In the fed state, where a high concentration of sugar is dissolved in your blood stream, the body prefers to use glucose as its energy source through a pathway called glycolysis. When the supply of glucose in the blood runs low, however, the liver is able to synthesize new glucose in a process called gluconeogenesis. In gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate, the product of another cycle called the Krebs Cycle is used as the starting point to run glycolysis in reverse, making a new glucose molecule. When these precursors needed to initiate gluconeogenesis run low, the body then turns to the catabolism of proteins and free fatty acids.

Proteins, composed of strands of amino acids, are broken down to generate ATP and oxaloacetate. People who have not eaten for an extended period of time experience low muscle mass due to catabolism of skeletal muscle proteins. Only after available protein is broken down does beta oxidation of free fatty acids begin.

Beta oxidation uses free fatty acids floating in the blood to generate the greatest amount of ATP per gram of starting material of any of the macronutrients. Carried out by enzymes called lipases, beta oxidation splits a long fatty acid chain into two carbon units called acetyl-CoA. Per acetyl-CoA that enters the Krebs Cycle, three NADH and one FADH₂ are produced that enter the Electron Transport Chain to drive ATP production. 1 NADH molecule can generate 3 ATP, while 1 FADH₂ molecule can generate 2 ATP. Lipases continue to cleave acetyl-COA units off the parent lipid chain until it either produces its last acetyl-CoA molecule or ends in a 3 carbon molecule called propyl-CoA. Propyl-CoA can further undergo catabolism to yield one final acetyl-CoA molecule.

In a person who has recently eaten, which process is least likely to be occurring? 

In contrast to prokaryotes, eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles that allow their cell(s) to compartmentalize different cellular functions. These different functions, which occur only within membrane-bound organelles, include the synthesis and breakdown of different macronutrients fatty acids and proteins. Other processes like glycolysis (the breakdown of carbohydrates) and nucleic acid breakdown can occur outside membrane-bound organelles. Synthesizing different macronutrients is known as anabolism, while breaking down these same nutrients into Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP) is called catabolism.

Macronutrient anabolism and catabolism are balanced by the supply of available energy. In the fed state, where a high concentration of sugar is dissolved in your blood stream, the body prefers to use glucose as its energy source through a pathway called glycolysis. When the supply of glucose in the blood runs low, however, the liver is able to synthesize new glucose in a process called gluconeogenesis. In gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate, the product of another cycle called the Krebs Cycle is used as the starting point to run glycolysis in reverse, making a new glucose molecule. When these precursors needed to initiate gluconeogenesis run low, the body then turns to the catabolism of proteins and free fatty acids.

Proteins, composed of strands of amino acids, are broken down to generate ATP and oxaloacetate. People who have not eaten for an extended period of time experience low muscle mass due to catabolism of skeletal muscle proteins. Only after available protein is broken down does beta oxidation of free fatty acids begin.

Beta oxidation uses free fatty acids floating in the blood to generate the greatest amount of ATP per gram of starting material of any of the macronutrients. Carried out by enzymes called lipases, beta oxidation splits a long fatty acid chain into two carbon units called acetyl-CoA. Per acetyl-CoA that enters the Krebs Cycle, three NADH and one FADH₂ are produced that enter the Electron Transport Chain to drive ATP production. 1 NADH molecule can generate 3 ATP, while 1 FADH₂ molecule can generate 2 ATP. Lipases continue to cleave acetyl-COA units off the parent lipid chain until it either produces its last acetyl-CoA molecule or ends in a 3 carbon molecule called propyl-CoA. Propyl-CoA can further undergo catabolism to yield one final acetyl-CoA molecule.

An 8-carbon free fatty acid could be expected to produce how many FADH₂? 

In contrast to prokaryotes, eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles that allow their cell(s) to compartmentalize different cellular functions. These different functions, which occur only within membrane-bound organelles, include the synthesis and breakdown of different macronutrients fatty acids and proteins. Other processes like glycolysis (the breakdown of carbohydrates) and nucleic acid breakdown can occur outside membrane-bound organelles. Synthesizing different macronutrients is known as anabolism, while breaking down these same nutrients into Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP) is called catabolism.

Macronutrient anabolism and catabolism are balanced by the supply of available energy. In the fed state, where a high concentration of sugar is dissolved in your blood stream, the body prefers to use glucose as its energy source through a pathway called glycolysis. When the supply of glucose in the blood runs low, however, the liver is able to synthesize new glucose in a process called gluconeogenesis. In gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate, the product of another cycle called the Krebs Cycle is used as the starting point to run glycolysis in reverse, making a new glucose molecule. When these precursors needed to initiate gluconeogenesis run low, the body then turns to the catabolism of proteins and free fatty acids.

Proteins, composed of strands of amino acids, are broken down to generate ATP and oxaloacetate. People who have not eaten for an extended period of time experience low muscle mass due to catabolism of skeletal muscle proteins. Only after available protein is broken down does beta oxidation of free fatty acids begin.

Beta oxidation uses free fatty acids floating in the blood to generate the greatest amount of ATP per gram of starting material of any of the macronutrients. Carried out by enzymes called lipases, beta oxidation splits a long fatty acid chain into two carbon units called acetyl-CoA. Per acetyl-CoA that enters the Krebs Cycle, three NADH and one FADH₂ are produced that enter the Electron Transport Chain to drive ATP production. 1 NADH molecule can generate 3 ATP, while 1 FADH₂ molecule can generate 2 ATP. Lipases continue to cleave acetyl-COA units off the parent lipid chain until it either produces its last acetyl-CoA molecule or ends in a 3 carbon molecule called propyl-CoA. Propyl-CoA can further undergo catabolism to yield one final acetyl-CoA molecule.

How many ATP is the body able to produce from a 4-carbon free fatty acid?

Population growth models are used to compile data and determine whether a population is in a state of growth or decline. The -axis of each of the following graphs of different population models represents the age of the population.  Bars then represent the percentage of the population that lies in the given range, which is presented on the -axis of each graph. Furthermore, the graphs are broken into male and female sides. A population that is in a state of decline will have a higher percentage of aging and therefore non-reproducing individuals. A population that is in a state of growth will have a higher percentage of younger individuals ready to reproduce and add to the numbers of the population. A population is in a steady state if the aging and young populations share similar percentages.

Which population model depicts a population that is in equilibrium?