The process by which cells divide and multiply is known as the cell cycle. This cycle consist of two main phases: interphase and mitosis. Each phase consists of a series of clearly defined and observable steps. At the conclusion of the cycle, each parent cell produces two genetically identical daughter cells that may undergo a cycle of replication.

Roughly 90 percent of the cell cycle is spent in interphase. Interphase is comprised of three main steps: the first gap phase, the synthesis phase, and the second gap phase. The initial gap phase is a period of cellular preparation in which the cell increases in size and readies itself for DNA synthesis. In the synthesis phase, DNA replication occurs. In the second gap phase the cell grows in size and prepares for cellular division in the mitotic phase. At the end of each gap phase the cell has to pass regulatory checkpoints to ensure proper cell growth and environmental conditions.

Mitosis is a form of nuclear division and is broken down into five distinct phases. During prophase, the genetic material contained in chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes. Prometaphase is marked by the breakdown of the nuclear envelope and the formation of centrosomes at the poles of the cell. During metaphase, kinetochores attached to the microtubules migrate the chromosomes to the center of the cell. A checkpoint ensures that the chromosomes are aligned on the center and halts the cycle if an error occurs. Anaphase occurs when chromosomes break apart at their center or centromere and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell. Last, telophase and cytokinesis occurs as nuclear membranes form in each new daughter cell and when chromosomes unwind into loose chromatin. Cytokinesis is defined as the division of the each cell’s cytoplasm and organelles. The conclusion of the cell cycle results in the production of two genetically identical daughter cells.

Ninety percent of the cell cycle is spent in which stage?

The process by which cells divide and multiply is known as the cell cycle. This cycle consist of two main phases: interphase and mitosis. Each phase consists of a series of clearly defined and observable steps. At the conclusion of the cycle, each parent cell produces two genetically identical daughter cells that may undergo a cycle of replication.

Roughly 90 percent of the cell cycle is spent in interphase. Interphase is comprised of three main steps: the first gap phase, the synthesis phase, and the second gap phase. The initial gap phase is a period of cellular preparation in which the cell increases in size and readies itself for DNA synthesis. In the synthesis phase, DNA replication occurs. In the second gap phase the cell grows in size and prepares for cellular division in the mitotic phase. At the end of each gap phase the cell has to pass regulatory checkpoints to ensure proper cell growth and environmental conditions.

Mitosis is a form of nuclear division and is broken down into five distinct phases. During prophase, the genetic material contained in chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes. Prometaphase is marked by the breakdown of the nuclear envelope and the formation of centrosomes at the poles of the cell. During metaphase, kinetochores attached to the microtubules migrate the chromosomes to the center of the cell. A checkpoint ensures that the chromosomes are aligned on the center and halts the cycle if an error occurs. Anaphase occurs when chromosomes break apart at their center or centromere and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell. Last, telophase and cytokinesis occurs as nuclear membranes form in each new daughter cell and when chromosomes unwind into loose chromatin. Cytokinesis is defined as the division of the each cell’s cytoplasm and organelles. The conclusion of the cell cycle results in the production of two genetically identical daughter cells.

What happens to the cell during the gap phases of interphase?

The process by which cells divide and multiply is known as the cell cycle. This cycle consist of two main phases: interphase and mitosis. Each phase consists of a series of clearly defined and observable steps. At the conclusion of the cycle, each parent cell produces two genetically identical daughter cells that may undergo a cycle of replication.

Roughly 90 percent of the cell cycle is spent in interphase. Interphase is comprised of three main steps: the first gap phase, the synthesis phase, and the second gap phase. The initial gap phase is a period of cellular preparation in which the cell increases in size and readies itself for DNA synthesis. In the synthesis phase, DNA replication occurs. In the second gap phase the cell grows in size and prepares for cellular division in the mitotic phase. At the end of each gap phase the cell has to pass regulatory checkpoints to ensure proper cell growth and environmental conditions.

Mitosis is a form of nuclear division and is broken down into five distinct phases. During prophase, the genetic material contained in chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes. Prometaphase is marked by the breakdown of the nuclear envelope and the formation of centrosomes at the poles of the cell. During metaphase, kinetochores attached to the microtubules migrate the chromosomes to the center of the cell. A checkpoint ensures that the chromosomes are aligned on the center and halts the cycle if an error occurs. Anaphase occurs when chromosomes break apart at their center or centromere and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell. Last, telophase and cytokinesis occurs as nuclear membranes form in each new daughter cell and when chromosomes unwind into loose chromatin. Cytokinesis is defined as the division of the each cell’s cytoplasm and organelles. The conclusion of the cell cycle results in the production of two genetically identical daughter cells.

How many checkpoints are present in the cell cycle?

The process by which cells divide and multiply is known as the cell cycle. This cycle consist of two main phases: interphase and mitosis. Each phase consists of a series of clearly defined and observable steps. At the conclusion of the cycle, each parent cell produces two genetically identical daughter cells that may undergo a cycle of replication.

Roughly 90 percent of the cell cycle is spent in interphase. Interphase is comprised of three main steps: the first gap phase, the synthesis phase, and the second gap phase. The initial gap phase is a period of cellular preparation in which the cell increases in size and readies itself for DNA synthesis. In the synthesis phase, DNA replication occurs. In the second gap phase the cell grows in size and prepares for cellular division in the mitotic phase. At the end of each gap phase the cell has to pass regulatory checkpoints to ensure proper cell growth and environmental conditions.

Mitosis is a form of nuclear division and is broken down into five distinct phases. During prophase, the genetic material contained in chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes. Prometaphase is marked by the breakdown of the nuclear envelope and the formation of centrosomes at the poles of the cell. During metaphase, kinetochores attached to the microtubules migrate the chromosomes to the center of the cell. A checkpoint ensures that the chromosomes are aligned on the center and halts the cycle if an error occurs. Anaphase occurs when chromosomes break apart at their center or centromere and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell. Last, telophase and cytokinesis occurs as nuclear membranes form in each new daughter cell and when chromosomes unwind into loose chromatin. Cytokinesis is defined as the division of the each cell’s cytoplasm and organelles. The conclusion of the cell cycle results in the production of two genetically identical daughter cells.

Cancer is defined as uncontrolled cellular division that results from the deregulation of the cell cycle. Which phases of the cell cycle are most likely to be subject to errors in regulation that could result in cancerous formations?

The process by which cells divide and multiply is known as the cell cycle. This cycle consist of two main phases: interphase and mitosis. Each phase consists of a series of clearly defined and observable steps. At the conclusion of the cycle, each parent cell produces two genetically identical daughter cells that may undergo a cycle of replication.

Roughly 90 percent of the cell cycle is spent in interphase. Interphase is comprised of three main steps: the first gap phase, the synthesis phase, and the second gap phase. The initial gap phase is a period of cellular preparation in which the cell increases in size and readies itself for DNA synthesis. In the synthesis phase, DNA replication occurs. In the second gap phase the cell grows in size and prepares for cellular division in the mitotic phase. At the end of each gap phase the cell has to pass regulatory checkpoints to ensure proper cell growth and environmental conditions.

Mitosis is a form of nuclear division and is broken down into five distinct phases. During prophase, the genetic material contained in chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes. Prometaphase is marked by the breakdown of the nuclear envelope and the formation of centrosomes at the poles of the cell. During metaphase, kinetochores attached to the microtubules migrate the chromosomes to the center of the cell. A checkpoint ensures that the chromosomes are aligned on the center and halts the cycle if an error occurs. Anaphase occurs when chromosomes break apart at their center or centromere and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell. Last, telophase and cytokinesis occurs as nuclear membranes form in each new daughter cell and when chromosomes unwind into loose chromatin. Cytokinesis is defined as the division of the each cell’s cytoplasm and organelles. The conclusion of the cell cycle results in the production of two genetically identical daughter cells.

How many daughter cells are produced during the cell cycle?

The process by which cells divide and multiply is known as the cell cycle. This cycle consist of two main phases: interphase and mitosis. Each phase consists of a series of clearly defined and observable steps. At the conclusion of the cycle, each parent cell produces two genetically identical daughter cells that may undergo a cycle of replication.

Roughly 90 percent of the cell cycle is spent in interphase. Interphase is comprised of three main steps: the first gap phase, the synthesis phase, and the second gap phase. The initial gap phase is a period of cellular preparation in which the cell increases in size and readies itself for DNA synthesis. In the synthesis phase, DNA replication occurs. In the second gap phase the cell grows in size and prepares for cellular division in the mitotic phase. At the end of each gap phase the cell has to pass regulatory checkpoints to ensure proper cell growth and environmental conditions.

Mitosis is a form of nuclear division and is broken down into five distinct phases. During prophase, the genetic material contained in chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes. Prometaphase is marked by the breakdown of the nuclear envelope and the formation of centrosomes at the poles of the cell. During metaphase, kinetochores attached to the microtubules migrate the chromosomes to the center of the cell. A checkpoint ensures that the chromosomes are aligned on the center and halts the cycle if an error occurs. Anaphase occurs when chromosomes break apart at their center or centromere and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell. Last, telophase and cytokinesis occurs as nuclear membranes form in each new daughter cell and when chromosomes unwind into loose chromatin. Cytokinesis is defined as the division of the each cell’s cytoplasm and organelles. The conclusion of the cell cycle results in the production of two genetically identical daughter cells.

Study 1

Scientists study the role of the cell cycle in the cells of a growing onion. They investigate the number of cells in each phase of the cycle in two parts of the onion: the fast growing root and the slow growing bulb. They record their observations and calculate the percentage of cells undergoing each phase (See Figure 1 andFigure 2).

Figure 1

Figure 2

What cellular component moves chromosomes to the center of cells during metaphase?

The process by which cells divide and multiply is known as the cell cycle. This cycle consist of two main phases: interphase and mitosis. Each phase consists of a series of clearly defined and observable steps. At the conclusion of the cycle, each parent cell produces two genetically identical daughter cells that may undergo a cycle of replication.

Roughly 90 percent of the cell cycle is spent in interphase. Interphase is comprised of three main steps: the first gap phase, the synthesis phase, and the second gap phase. The initial gap phase is a period of cellular preparation in which the cell increases in size and readies itself for DNA synthesis. In the synthesis phase, DNA replication occurs. In the second gap phase the cell grows in size and prepares for cellular division in the mitotic phase. At the end of each gap phase the cell has to pass regulatory checkpoints to ensure proper cell growth and environmental conditions.

Mitosis is a form of nuclear division and is broken down into five distinct phases. During prophase, the genetic material contained in chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes. Prometaphase is marked by the breakdown of the nuclear envelope and the formation of centrosomes at the poles of the cell. During metaphase, kinetochores attached to the microtubules migrate the chromosomes to the center of the cell. A checkpoint ensures that the chromosomes are aligned on the center and halts the cycle if an error occurs. Anaphase occurs when chromosomes break apart at their center or centromere and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell. Last, telophase and cytokinesis occurs as nuclear membranes form in each new daughter cell and when chromosomes unwind into loose chromatin. Cytokinesis is defined as the division of the each cell’s cytoplasm and organelles. The conclusion of the cell cycle results in the production of two genetically identical daughter cells.

Study 1

Scientists study the role of the cell cycle in the cells of a growing onion. They investigate the number of cells in each phase of the cycle in two parts of the onion: the fast growing root and the slow growing bulb. They record their observations and calculate the percentage of cells undergoing each phase (See Figure 1 andFigure 2).

Figure 1

Figure 2

Chromosomes can be defined as which of the following?

Five experiments are done to test the relative infectiousness of different serotypes of the Influenza A virus when exposed to tissue from different organisms and competition from one another.

When the virus is more infectious, it will result in more detectable antigens.

Antigens are detected via Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which elicits a detectable hue of purple whenever antigens are detected. The hue darkens in response to increased detection of antigens according to this qualitative scale:

Very Dark Purple, Dark Purple, Purple, Light Purple, and Very Light Purple

Experiment 1

Three separate serotypes of Influenza A are used: H1N1, H2N2, and H5N1. Viral samples were separately centrifuged onto single layers on human cells and viral activity was identified using ELISA. The results are as follows:

H1N1: Very dark purple    H2N2: Dark purple     H5N1: purple

Experiment 2

Three separate serotypes of Influenza A are used: H1N1, H2N2, and H5N1. Viral samples were separately centrifuged onto single layers on chicken cells and viral activity was identified using ELISA. The results are as follows:

H1N1: Very dark purple    H2N2: Dark purple     H5N1: Very dark purple

Experiment 3

Three separate serotypes of Influenza A are used: H1N1, H2N2, and H5N1. Viral samples were separately centrifuged onto single layers on swine cells and viral activity was identified using ELISA. The results are as follows:

H1N1: Very dark purple    H2N2: Very dark purple     H5N1: Purple

Experiment 4

Three separate serotypes of Influenza A are used: H1N1, H2N2, and H5N1. Viral samples were centrifuged together onto single layers of duck cells while viral activity was identified using ELISA. The results are as follows:

H1N1: Very dark purple    H2N2: Very dark purple     H5N1: Very dark Purple

Experiment 5

Three separate serotypes of Influenza A are used: H1N1, H2N2, and H5N1. Viral samples were centrifuged together onto equal layers of human, chicken, swine, and duck cells while viral activity was identified using ELISA. The results are as follows:

H1N1: Very dark purple    H2N2: Purple     H5N1: Light Purple

In experiment 5, what is the most likely purpose of sampling all of the serotypes together on the 4 cell types?

Five experiments are done to test the relative infectiousness of different serotypes of the Influenza A virus when exposed to tissue from different organisms and competition from one another.

When the virus is more infectious, it will result in more detectable antigens.

Antigens are detected via Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which elicits a detectable hue of purple whenever antigens are detected. The hue darkens in response to increased detection of antigens according to this qualitative scale:

Very Dark Purple, Dark Purple, Purple, Light Purple, and Very Light Purple

Experiment 1

Three separate serotypes of Influenza A are used: H1N1, H2N2, and H5N1. Viral samples were separately centrifuged onto single layers on human cells and viral activity was identified using ELISA. The results are as follows:

H1N1: Very dark purple    H2N2: Dark purple     H5N1: purple

Experiment 2

Three separate serotypes of Influenza A are used: H1N1, H2N2, and H5N1. Viral samples were separately centrifuged onto single layers on chicken cells and viral activity was identified using ELISA. The results are as follows:

H1N1: Very dark purple    H2N2: Dark purple     H5N1: Very dark purple

Experiment 3

Three separate serotypes of Influenza A are used: H1N1, H2N2, and H5N1. Viral samples were separately centrifuged onto single layers on swine cells and viral activity was identified using ELISA. The results are as follows:

H1N1: Very dark purple    H2N2: Very dark purple     H5N1: Purple

Experiment 4

Three separate serotypes of Influenza A are used: H1N1, H2N2, and H5N1. Viral samples were centrifuged together onto single layers of duck cells while viral activity was identified using ELISA. The results are as follows:

H1N1: Very dark purple    H2N2: Very dark purple     H5N1: Very dark Purple

Experiment 5

Three separate serotypes of Influenza A are used: H1N1, H2N2, and H5N1. Viral samples were centrifuged together onto equal layers of human, chicken, swine, and duck cells while viral activity was identified using ELISA. The results are as follows:

H1N1: Very dark purple    H2N2: Purple     H5N1: Light Purple

What is a likely explanation for experiment 2 and experiment 4 having similar outcomes?

Five experiments are done to test the relative infectiousness of different serotypes of the Influenza A virus when exposed to tissue from different organisms and competition from one another.

When the virus is more infectious, it will result in more detectable antigens.

Antigens are detected via Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which elicits a detectable hue of purple whenever antigens are detected. The hue darkens in response to increased detection of antigens according to this qualitative scale:

Very Dark Purple, Dark Purple, Purple, Light Purple, and Very Light Purple

Experiment 1

Three separate serotypes of Influenza A are used: H1N1, H2N2, and H5N1. Viral samples were separately centrifuged onto single layers on human cells and viral activity was identified using ELISA. The results are as follows:

H1N1: Very dark purple    H2N2: Dark purple     H5N1: purple

Experiment 2

Three separate serotypes of Influenza A are used: H1N1, H2N2, and H5N1. Viral samples were separately centrifuged onto single layers on chicken cells and viral activity was identified using ELISA. The results are as follows:

H1N1: Very dark purple    H2N2: Dark purple     H5N1: Very dark purple

Experiment 3

Three separate serotypes of Influenza A are used: H1N1, H2N2, and H5N1. Viral samples were separately centrifuged onto single layers on swine cells and viral activity was identified using ELISA. The results are as follows:

H1N1: Very dark purple    H2N2: Very dark purple     H5N1: Purple

Experiment 4

Three separate serotypes of Influenza A are used: H1N1, H2N2, and H5N1. Viral samples were centrifuged together onto single layers of duck cells while viral activity was identified using ELISA. The results are as follows:

H1N1: Very dark purple    H2N2: Very dark purple     H5N1: Very dark Purple

Experiment 5

Three separate serotypes of Influenza A are used: H1N1, H2N2, and H5N1. Viral samples were centrifuged together onto equal layers of human, chicken, swine, and duck cells while viral activity was identified using ELISA. The results are as follows:

H1N1: Very dark purple    H2N2: Purple     H5N1: Light Purple

Based on the experiments, can it be determined which is (relatively) the most infectious serotype?