The stock market crashed on October 29, 1929, which officially began the Great Depression in the United States. Starting on the above date (often called "Black Tuesday"), unemployment rapidly rose, causing economic hardships for many workers and their families. President Herbert Hoover tried to halt the Great Depression, but his numerous attempts were futile. When Franklin Delano Roosevelt took the presidential office in 1932, he enacted the "New Deal" to offer work relief for many displaced American workers. All of the "New Deal" programs were focused on the 3 Rs: relief for the poor and unemployed, recovery from the economic downturn, and reform efforts to prevent a second Great Depression. The Great Depression ended in 1941 when the United States entered World War II.

Why is October 29, 1929 referred to as "Black Tuesday"?

Adapted from A Catechism of Familiar Things: Their History and the Events Which Led to Their Discovery (1881) by the Benziger Brothers.

After bursting from the egg, it becomes a large worm or caterpillar of a yellowish-white color, (which is its first state); this caterpillar feeds on the leaves of the mulberry tree, until, arriving at maturity, it winds itself up in a silken bag or case, called a cocoon, about the size and shape of a pigeon's egg, and becomes a chrysalis, in which state it lies without signs of life. In about ten days it eats its way out of its case, a perfect butterfly, which lays a number of eggs and then dies. In the warmth of the summer weather, these eggs are hatched and become worms, as their parents did at first.

What can you infer about the life of a butterfly?

Adapted from A Catechism of Familiar Things: Their History and the Events Which Led to Their Discovery (1881) by the Benziger Brothers.

After bursting from the egg, it becomes a large worm or caterpillar of a yellowish-white color, (which is its first state); this caterpillar feeds on the leaves of the mulberry tree, until, arriving at maturity, it winds itself up in a silken bag or case, called a cocoon, about the size and shape of a pigeon's egg, and becomes a chrysalis, in which state it lies without signs of life. In about ten days it eats its way out of its case, a perfect butterfly, which lays a number of eggs and then dies. In the warmth of the summer weather, these eggs are hatched and become worms, as their parents did at first.

Why does the author describe the cocoon as "about the size and shape of a pigeon's egg?"

It has often been asserted by modern historians that the Czech Republic ought to be known as the Republic of Bohemia and Moravia. These are the two regions of Europe that constitute the modern Czech country. The problem is that each of these names has a loose association with the short-lived reign of Hitler and the Nazis in what was then called Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia was also the name of the country in the Communist Era, until Slovakia voted to separate from the Czech Republic. So it has come to pass that the Czech people are left with a name that is to them, at least, somewhat unsatisfying. Perhaps several generations from now, as the horrors of World War Two fade further from European memory, these other names of the Czech region will once more emerge into prominence.

What can you infer about Slovakia?

Adapted from A Catechism of Familiar Things: Their History and the Events Which Led to Their Discovery (1881) by the Benziger Brothers.

Thebes was an ancient city in Greece, founded by Cadmus, a Phoenician, though of Egyptian parentage. Sailing from the coast of Phoenicia, he arrived in Greece, and built the city, calling it Thebes, from the city of that name in Egypt. The prince is credited with the invention of sixteen letters of the Greek Alphabet. Athens was the capital of Attica, founded by Cecrops, an Egyptian. It was the seat of learning and the arts, and has produced some of the most celebrated warriors, politicians, orators, poets, and sculptors in the world. Since the liberation of Greece from the Ottoman Empire, Athens has been chosen as its capital, and is still a considerable town adorned with splendid ruins of the beautiful buildings it once possessed.

Which of these inferences can most easily be made from this text?

Brandi Chastain - A Soccer Champion

Molly Kubik, 2016

The year 1999 was a big year for women's soccer.  The United States Women's Soccer team played the Chinese Women's Soccer in the finals of the Women's World Cup.  They were tied 4-4 in the final game.  The whole world watched this game to see would be the World Champion.  Over 90,000 people came to the game, which was hosted at the Rose Bowl in California, and over forty million people across the world watched the game on television.  Because the game was tied, the winner had to be decided with penalty kicks.  Everyone watched as United States player Brandi Chastain lined up to take her penalty kick, which would decide the game.  She lined up, ran, and shot the ball!  The ball flew into the upper right corner of the net.  The Chinese goalie couldn't reach it.  Brandi Chastain had scored!  The United States won the game 5-4.  They were the World Champions! Many people say that this was the most important moment of Brandi Chastain's whole soccer career.   Brandi had always been a standout soccer player since she was very young.  She played soccer in high school and college.  She even played on the champion World Cup soccer team in 1991 and went to the 1996 Olympic games, where she won a gold medal.  Soccer had always been a very important part of Brandi's life.  In 1993, Brandi played professional soccer in Japan because there was no professional women's team in the United States for her to join.  While she played there, she was voted to be the most valuable player.  When she returned to the United States, she could not play professional soccer because there was still no professional women's team!  Finally, in the spring of 2000, the United States formed a professional women's soccer league.  Brandi Chastain played for San Francisco.  As usual, Brandi remained in the spotlight.  She was never afraid to play against tough teams and win.  Brandi Chastain is truly a soccer champion. 

Based on the passage, what are two adjectives that can describe Brandi Chastain?