This should have been a very simple question. The answer is Henry Ford. Ford not only was the first to apply the assembly line to automobile manufacturing, he also made it more efficient. In other words, he took the different processes it takes to build an automobile (the Model T, in this instance) and then broke them down into discrete actions that only one person performed (and that person performed the same action, every day)

The Great Gatsby was published in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and was a cautionary tale about the idealism and decadence of the era. The Jungle was published in 1906 by Upton Sinclair, and concerned the unsanitary conditions of the Chicago meatpacking plants, as well as the harsh living conditions of the plants' immigrant workers. Uncle Tom's Cabin was published in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe, and portrayed the harsh living conditions of antebellum slaves. Looking Backward was a utopian science fiction novel published by Edward Bellamy in 1888.

Because FDR had debilitating polio, Eleanor Roosevelt often traveled for him, reporting her findings; therefore, she took a much more active role as First Lady than anyone had done before.  

The other answers are all false. She held press conferences that only women reporters were invited to, so as to encourage news outlets to hire female reporters. She was also appointed to the United Nations by President Truman, but no longer holds that position as she passed away from tuberculosis. Additionally, Franklin Roosevelt did have a very public affair, but she did not divorce him for it. 

The Red Scare, which began in the early 1920s but remained a constant fixture of American political and social life for several decades, is the name given to America's response to the growth of Communism in the Soviet Union. The primary political party behind Communism in the Soviet Union was the Bolshevik Party. The Mensheviks were the rival Communist Party, which were defeated by Lenin and his comrades. Chinese Communism would not arise for another thirty years. And McCarthyism is a name related to America's response to Communism, led by United States Senator Joseph McCarthy—it primarily has connotations of unfair or unfounded accusations of disloyalty directed at U.S. citizens during the Red Scare. 

The Scopes Trial took place in 1925. The case was made against Tennessee school teacher John Scopes, on the grounds that he had violated Tennessee state law by teaching the theory of evolution in his classroom. The case immediately gained national media attention, especially once former Presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan agreed to represent the prosecution and famed defense attorney Clarence Darrow agreed to represent the defense. The case contributed greatly to the growth of both the scientific movement and the anti-evolution movement in the United States.

On the Road is considered the principle novel of the so-called Beat Generation. It was written by Jack Kerouac in the early 1950s, and published for the first time in 1957. The book chronicles Kerouac’s real-life journeys across the United States and reflects the growing dissatisfaction among young people of the time with conventional forms of life. The Beat Generation can be classified a number of ways, but generally it refers to a certain type of youth culture that rejected conformist career and life choices in favor of drug experimentation, spiritual enlightenment, unorthodox sexual behavior, and the gaining of awareness of one’s own human nature. 

Pop Art was developed in Great Britain and the United States in the 1950s, and reached its apex in the 1960s with artists like Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, and Jasper Johns. These artists rejected the pre-World War II uses of abstract art, and instead used images culled from comic books, movies, and advertising. Iconic Pop Art pieces include Warhol's "Campbell's Soup Cans" and Johns' "Flag," both of which were paintings of iconic images in American culture.

The Reconstruction and Post-Reconstruction era saw a retrenchment of racial animosity towards newly freed slaves throughout the South. Many different black leaders proposed a variety of solutions and ways to better the status of African-Americans. Booker T. Washington became notable for advocating educational and societal improvements among African-Americans, rather than a direct engagement with segregationist policies, as reflected in the quote provided in the question.

The Other America was written by Michael Harrington. Harrington was disillusioned with the ignorance of his fellow Americans to the plight of the urban and rural poor in the United States. At a time when most Americans were enjoying significant economic growth and prosperity, Harrington argued that there was an “other America” that was being left behind. He argued that greater than a quarter of the population was still living in poverty and that the government had a moral obligation to alleviate suffering. The book was hugely influential in the United States, and many historians credit it with, at least in part, inspiring Lyndon B. Johnson’s “War on Poverty.”

The America First Committee was founded in September of 1940, as American sympathy started to turn towards favoring Britain in its war against Nazi Germany. The leaders of the America First Committee all desired for America to remain out of foreign wars and to avoid conflicts like World War I. The America First Committee saw its popularity decline in June of 1941 after famed aviator and prominent Committee leader Charles Lindbergh gave a speech which defended and even seemed to promote Nazi Germany. The America First Committee formally disbanded just days after the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7, 1941.