Gideon v. Wainwright took place in 1963. It is considered an extremely important case in the earlier stage of the Civil Rights movement. In the case the Supreme Court ruled, unanimously, that state courts were required to provide a defense attorney to any defendant who did not have the means to pay for one. According to the Supreme Court, the existing Fourteenth and Sixth Amendments dictated that such a law was both Constitutional and necessary for upholding the rights guaranteed to all American citizens. 

The National Organization for Women was formed in 1966. It was not the first such institution to campaign for the advancement of women’s rights and equal status, but it has gained prominence in the years since, due to its effective campaigning. The Organization was formed in part by Betty Friedan, the author of The Feminine Mystique, and she went on to become its first acting President. 

The original Ku Klux Klan, which existed in the Reconstruction era in the South, was a secret-society terrorist organization seeking to frighten newly freed slaves and did not last past the 1870s. The Klan was reformed in 1914 at Stone Mountain, Georgia, with a more political and populist appeal, adding Jews, Catholics, immigrants, anti-prohibitionists, communists, and atheists to its list of enemies. The Second Klan saw widespread popularity in not just the South, but the West and Midwest as well. Well-known Klansmen held political office in many states, and the  conservative Evangelical spin on nativism gained much popular currency throughout the 1920s. After a series of scandals by Klan politicians, and a resumption of terror activity by certain Klan groups, the popularity of the Klan diminished.

On May 17th, 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court declared racial segregation in schools is unconstitutional.

The excerpted words were delivered by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. from his famous "I have a dream" speech.

The Twenty-Sixth Amendment established that the voting age should be lowered from twenty-one to eighteen. The movement to lower the voting age grew out of student activism during the Vietnam War. Many students, along with many people aged younger than twenty-one, were being drafted to fight in the war, and the slogan “Old enough to fight, old enough to vote” caught on across the country. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment was passed by overwhelming majority in the Senate, the House, and a vote of the States and adopted on July 1^st, 1971. 

The Freedom Riders left Washington, D.C. on May 4, 1961, to head to New Orleans on Greyhound and Trailways buses. The Freedom Riders were made up of both black and white activists, led by Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Director James Farmer, seeking to integrate interstate bus lines throughout the South. The Supreme Court had ruled, in Boynton v. Virginia (1960), that racial segregation was illegal on interstate bus lines, but the order was widely ignored throughout the South. In Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama, both the Ku Klux Klan and police forces attacked the bus, while many Freedom Riders were arrested and sent to prison in Mississippi. The Kennedy Administration notably refused to involve itself either on behalf of the Freedom Riders or the local police. The action of the Freedom Riders brought national attention to segregation policies and the brutality of Southern police forces, initiating widespread change in service throughout the South.

The term "Muckraker" is used to refer to a series of progressively-minded investigative journalists and authors at the turn of the twentieth century. They focused on exposing social and economic injustices, with the intent to affect change in the government policy of the United States. Upton Sinclair wrote his famous book, The Jungle, in 1906. In it he exposed the illicit practices of the meatpacking industry, in both Chicago and the rest of the country. His work caused a public outcry, and he is generally credited with inspiring the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Food and Drug Acts through Congress. Sinclair was also an early American socialist.

A speakeasy is an establishment illegally set up to supply alcohol. Speakeasies were particularly influential in American society during the prohibition years, where they served as the only place in America one could go to drink.

Loving v. Virginia was brought before the Supreme Court in 1967. The Lovings were a married couple, one black and one white, who lived in the state of Virginia and were imprisoned for violating the state’s laws against interracial marriage. In a unanimous verdict, the Court ruled that such laws were inherently unequal and unconstitutional. The case overturned the Pace v. Alabama ruling—which had stated, in 1883, that interracial marriage was not protected under the Constitution.