Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) leaf extract contains antagonists of the histamine-1 (H(1)) receptor, thus decreasing symptoms of allergic rhinitis and sinusitis. Nettle leaf extract also contains factors that inhibit mast cell tryptase, preventing degranulation and release of a host of pro-inflammatory mediators that cause the symptoms of hay fevers, and inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and hematopoietic prostaglandin D(2) synthase. As a nutritive, nettle leaf is an excellent source of vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, and calcium. Nettle leaf has shown no benefit in treatment of psoriasis, though it may help to correct any underlying nutritional deficits.

Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) has shown significant antiviral activity against a wide variety of of enveloped viruses and retroviruses. Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) and avena sativa (milky oat seeds) are both better known for their sedative effects, and crategus spp (hawthorne) is used as an antiarrhythmic and mitigates oxidative stress in cardiomyopathies.

Uva-ursi contains the hydroquinone glycosides arbutin and methylarbutin, both of which have shown significant antimicrobial effects in the urinary tract. The other constituents listed have no effect on urinary infections.

Children needing chamomilla are hot, irritable, and very sensitive to pain. Infants are prone to colic and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). They will often arch backwards when crying, and will be soothed when bounced, carried, patted, or swaddled. These infants experience difficult dentition and will chew their fingers before teething.

Arsenicum album and calcarea carbonica are both more often indicated for chilly babies that are prone to anxiety, while arnica is generally given for people who have experienced some sort of dissociative shock from a physical or emotional trauma.

Sesame seeds, cashews, and green leafy vegetables have among the highest levels of copper per serving. Other foods high in copper include crimini mushrooms, organ meats, shellfish, and beans. All of the other foods listed are low-copper foods, often recommended for patients with disorders of copper metabolism, such as Wilson's disease. 

An infant should have the ability to pull itself up to standing by the age of 9 months. If standing is not seen after 12 months the child should be evaluated for any type of physical developmental disabilities or delays.

Solid foods should not be introduced into an infant's diet before 6 months of age. Earlier introduction may trigger specific food allergies, as well as reducing breastmilk production in a breastfeeding mother.

An audible click when the examiner slips the femoral head forward is considered a positive Ortolani sign. This finding suggests congenital hip dysplasia. Babinski sign is the presence of the Babinski reflex, which is normal in infants. Scarf sign is used to assess developmental age and muscle tone in neonates. Brudzinski sign is not related to the musculoskeletal system but is part of a physical examination in cases of suspected meningitis.

The posterior fontanelle, which is the cartilaginous  gap at the junction of the lambdoid suture and the sagittal suture, closes at eight weeks of age.

An infant should have doubled it's birth weight by the age of six months, and tripled it's birth weight by the age of 12 months. Children who fail to reach these markers may be underweight due to a variety of factors such as underfeeding, metabolic disorder, or failure to thrive.