All of these could be possible reasons for bleeding in early pregnancy, including physiologic or implantation bleeding. Bleeding may indicate threatened miscarriage or other serious condition, or it may simply be due to the implantation of the embryo into the endometrium. 

Menometrorrhagia is a term used to describe a menstrual cycle that is irregular, of shorter duration than normal, and of excessive volume or duration. Amenorrhea is the absence of a menstrual cycle. Metrorrhagia is a term for a menstrual cycle that is of normal flow duration and volume, but which is irregular and has a shorter-than normal cycle length. Oligomenorrhea describes a menstrual cycle that is longer than 35 days, often characterized by a prolonged follicular phase.

Preeclampsia is a potentially life-threatening disorder that generally includes gestational hypertension, proteinuria, edema, red-blood cell dysfunction, and signs of liver or kidney dysfunction. It is more common in weeks 32-40 and develops in 2-8% of pregnancies worldwide.

Preeclampsia develops into eclampsia at the onset of seizures. Seizures are tonic-clonic and may appear during pregnancy, during labor, or postpartum. It is relatively rare, affecting only approximately 1.2-1.8% of pregnancies.

The most common time for miscarriage to occur is during the first trimester, between 8 and 12 weeks. This may even occur before an individual is aware that they are pregnant. Chromosomal abnormalities are identified in approximately 50% of first trimester miscarriages, while later miscarriages may be more likely in individuals with uterine malformations or cervical incompetence.

There are several risk factors for preeclampsia. These include history of hypertension, diabetes, older maternal age, first-time pregnancies (primigravida), and pregnancies with twins or multiples.

Jaundice of a newborn may be either pathologic or physiologic. Pathologic jaundice is usually the result of Rh incompatability between the mother and the fetus. It occurs during a subsequent birth after the mother's blood has been exposed to the infant's blood during the first birth. Rhogam is given to the mother to prevent her immune system from attacking the second fetus, causing erythroblastosis fetalis and subsequent pathological jaundice. 

The first action should be to increase fluids, place on their left side and give oxygen. It is not necessary to contact the physician until all nursing interventions have failed. Epinephrine, a vasopressor should be reserved for emergent situations only. 

The calculation of an estimated date of birth requires applying Naegele's rule, where once determining the first day of the client's last menstral period, subtract 3 months and add 7 days and one year. 

Variable decelerations can occur at any time during a contraction, or without a contraction. They are caused by the umbilical cord that is prolapsed or wrapped around the fetal neck also known as a "nuchal cord." The compression of the cord can ultimately lead to fetal hypoxia and therefore an intervention will be required to alleviate the compression.